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ASTM D3078-02(2013)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determination of Leaks in Flexible Packaging by Bubble Emission

Standard Test Method for Determination of Leaks in Flexible Packaging by Bubble Emission

ABSTRACT
This test method covers the determination of gross leaks in flexible packaging containing a headspace gas by bubble emission. A vacuum chamber shall be any transparent container capable of withstanding approximately one atmosphere pressure differential, fitted with a vacuum-tight cover. A vacuum gage, an inlet tube from a source of vacuum, and an outlet tube to the atmosphere shall be connected to the chamber cover. Use an immersion fluid which does not degrade the package being tested. The test sample and test fluid shall be at equilibrium with normal room temperature. The procedures for testing are presented in details.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of gross leaks in flexible packaging containing a headspace gas. Test sensitivity is limited to 1 × 10−5 atm cm3/s (1 × 10 −6 Pa m3/s) or even less sensitive as indicated in a recent interlaboratory test (reported in Section 12).  
1.2 Small leaks may not be detected by this procedure. Viscoelastic effects on the products, or entrapped air, become significant and prevent passage through small openings. Positive pressure inside the pouch after the vacuum is drawn may force the product to plug small leaks. The size of the leak that can be detected is dependent upon the products contained, the nature of the packaging material, and the test parameters selected.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Jul-2013
ICS
55.040 - Packaging materials and accessories
Technical Committee
F02 - Primary Barrier Packaging
Drafting Committee
F02.40 - Package Integrity
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM D3078-02(2013) - Standard Test Method for Determination of Leaks in Flexible Packaging by Bubble EmissionASTM D3078-02(2013) - Standard Test Method for Determination of Leaks in Flexible Packaging by Bubble Emission
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ASTM D3078-02(2013) - Standard Test Method for Determination of Leaks in Flexible Packaging by Bubble Emission
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D3078 − 02 (Reapproved 2013)
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Leaks in Flexible Packaging by Bubble
1
Emission
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3078; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
3
1. Scope Electron Devices by aBubble Test (Withdrawn 1990)
1.1 Thistestmethodcoversthedeterminationofgrossleaks
3. Terminology
in flexible packaging containing a headspace gas. Test sensi-
−5 3 −6 3 3.1 Definitions:
tivity is limited to 1×10 atm cm /s (1×10 Pa m /s) or
3.1.1 leak—any opening in a flexible package that, contrary
even less sensitive as indicated in a recent interlaboratory test
to intention, either allows the contents to escape or substances
(reported in Section 12).
to enter.
1.2 Small leaks may not be detected by this procedure.
Viscoelastic effects on the products, or entrapped air, become 4. Apparatus
significant and prevent passage through small openings. Posi-
4.1 Vacuum Chamber—Any transparent container capable
tive pressure inside the pouch after the vacuum is drawn may
of withstanding approximately one atmosphere pressure
force the product to plug small leaks. The size of the leak that
differential, fitted with a vacuum-tight cover. A vacuum gage,
can be detected is dependent upon the products contained, the
aninlettubefromasourceofvacuum,andanoutlettubetothe
nature of the packaging material, and the test parameters
atmosphere shall be connected to the chamber cover. The inlet
selected.
and outlet tubes shall be equipped with hand valves.Attached
to the underside of the cover shall be a transparent plate that
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
willcloselyapproximatetheinsidedimensionsofthecontainer
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
and be such a distance from the top of the container that when
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
it is two-thirds filled with fluid, the attached plate will be
and are not considered standard.
positioned 1 in. (25 mm) under the fluid.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
5. Materials
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
5.1 Immersion Fluids—Use an immersion fluid which does
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
notdegradethepackagebeingtested.Fluidswithalowsurface
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
tension are generally more sensitive. Examples include water,
water treated with a wetting agent, denatured alcohol, and
2. Referenced Documents
mineral oil. Other possible fluids are listed in Test Method
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E515 and Practices F98.
E425Definitions of Terms Relating to Leak Testing (With-
3
drawn 1991)
6. Sampling
E515Practice for Leaks Using Bubble EmissionTechniques
6.1 The number of specimens used in the test sample may
F98Recommended Practice for Determining Hermeticity of
be varied according to the nature of the product, its cost, its
size, and whether the specimens are taken from a production
line in a normal packaging operation, or are few in number, or
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeF02onFlexible
are to be used only for purposes of comparative evaluation of
Barrier Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F02.40 on
Package Integrity.
procedures or materials.
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2013. Published September 2013. Originally
approved in 1972. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D3078–02 (2008).
7. Test Specimen
DOI: 10.1520/D3078-02R13.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or 7.1 Flexible Package, with or without its intended contents.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on 8. Conditioning
the ASTM website.
3
8.1 The test sample and test fluid shall be at equilibrium
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. with normal room temperature.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D3078 − 02 (2013)
9. Procedure 11.1.5 Whenthetestisperformedtocheckcompliancewith
requirements, a statement that the sample did or did not meet
9.1 Submerge the specimen in fluid contained in the vessel
the requirement, and identification of the source for the
within the vacuum chamber. The uppermost surface of the
requirement.
specimen
...

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1.2.1 Procedure A: Sniffer Mode—the package is scanned externally for helium escaping into the atmosphere or fixture.  
1.2.2 Procedure B: Vacuum Mode—the helium containing package is placed in a closed fixture. After drawing a vacuum, helium escaping into the closed fixture (capture volume) is detected. Typically, the fixtures are custom made for the specific package under test.  
1.3 The sensitivity of the method can range from the detection of:  
1.3.1 Large leaks—10-2 Pa·m 3/s to 10-5 Pa·m3/s (10–1 cc/sec/atm to 10-4 cc/sec/atm).  
1.3.2 Moderate leaks—10-5 Pa·m 3/s to 10-7 Pa·m3/s (10-4 cc/sec/atm to 10-6 cc/sec/atm).  
1.3.3 Fine leaks—10-7 Pa·m 3/s to 10-9 Pa·m3/s (10-6 cc/sec/atm to 10-8 cc/sec/atm).  
1.3.4 Ultra-Fine leak—10-9 Pa·m 3/s to 10-11 Pa·m3/s (10-8 cc/sec/atm to 10-10 cc/sec/atm).
Note 1: Conversion from cc/sec/atm to Pa·m3/s is achieved by multiplying by 0.1.  
1.4 The terms large, moderate, fine and ultra-fine are relative terms only and do not imply the acceptability of any leak rate. The individual application dictates the level of integrity needed. For many packaging applications, only “large leaks” are considered unacceptable and the ability to detect smaller leaks is immaterial. All leak rates referred...

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