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ASTM D1943-05(2012)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Alpha Particle Radioactivity of Water 

Standard Test Method for Alpha Particle Radioactivity of Water 

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method was developed for the purpose of measuring gross alpha radioactivity in water. It is used for the analysis of both process and environmental water to determine gross alpha activity which is often a result of natural radioactivity present in minerals.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of alpha particle activity of water. It is applicable to nuclides that emit alpha particles with energies above 3.9 MeV and at activity levels above 0.02 Bq/mL (540 pCi/L) of radioactive homogeneous water. This test method is not applicable to samples containing alpha-emitting radionuclides that are volatile under conditions of the analysis.
1.2 This test method can be used for either absolute or relative determinations. In tracer work, the results may be expressed by comparison with a standard that is defined to be 100 %. For radioassay, data may be expressed in terms of alpha disintegration rates after calibration with a suitable standard. General information on radioactivity and measurement of radiation has been published and summarized in Practice D3648.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-May-2012
ICS
13.060.60 - Examination of physical properties of water
Technical Committee
D19 - Water
Drafting Committee
D19.04 - Methods of Radiochemical Analysis
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM D1943-05(2012) - Standard Test Method for Alpha Particle Radioactivity of Water ASTM D1943-05(2012) - Standard Test Method for Alpha Particle Radioactivity of Water 
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ASTM D1943-05(2012) - Standard Test Method for Alpha Particle Radioactivity of Water 
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D1943 − 05 (Reapproved 2012)
Standard Test Method for
1
Alpha Particle Radioactivity of Water
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1943; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope D2777Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias of
Applicable Test Methods of Committee D19 on Water
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of alpha
D3370Practices for Sampling Water from Closed Conduits
particle activity of water. It is applicable to nuclides that emit
D3648Practices for the Measurement of Radioactivity
alpha particles with energies above 3.9 MeV and at activity
levels above 0.02 Bq/mL (540 pCi/L) of radioactive homoge-
3. Terminology
neous water. This test method is not applicable to samples
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this test
containing alpha-emitting radionuclides that are volatile under
method, refer to Terminology D1129. For terms not defined in
conditions of the analysis.
this test method or in Terminology D1129, reference may be
4
1.2 This test method can be used for either absolute or
made to other published glossaries.
relative determinations. In tracer work, the results may be
4. Summary of Test Method
expressed by comparison with a standard that is defined to be
100%.Forradioassay,datamaybeexpressedintermsofalpha 4.1 The test sample is reduced by evaporation or a suitable
chemical method to the minimum weight of material having
disintegration rates after calibration with a suitable standard.
General information on radioactivity and measurement of measurable alpha activity. Alpha radioactivity is measured by
2
aninstrumentcomposedofadetectingdevice,amplifier,power
radiation has been published and summarized in Practice
D3648. supply, and scaler—the most widely used being proportional
and scintillation counters. In the proportional counter, which
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
maybeofthewindowlessorthinwindowtype,alphaparticles
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
entering the sensitive region of the detector produce ionization
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
of the counting gas.The negative ion of the original ion pair is
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
accelerated towards the anode, producing additional ionization
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
of the counting gas and developing a voltage pulse at the
anode.Inthescintillationdetector,alphaparticlesinteractwith
2. Referenced Documents
3 the material of the phosphor, transferring some of their energy
2.1 ASTM Standards:
to electrons. These electrons subsequently lose part of their
D1129Terminology Relating to Water
energy by excitation rather than ionization of atoms, and the
D1193Specification for Reagent Water
excited atoms revert to the ground state by re-emitting energy
in the form of light quanta. A suitable light-sensitive device,
1
usually a multiplier phototube, transforms the resulting flashes
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D19 on Water
andisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD19.04onMethodsofRadiochemi-
of light into voltage impulses. By use of suitable electronic
cal Analysis.
apparatus, the pulse is amplified to a voltage sufficient for
Current edition approved June 1, 2012. Published August 2012. Originally
operationofthecountingscaler.Thenumberofpulsesperunit
approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D1943–05. DOI:
10.1520/D1943-05R12.
time is related to the disintegration rate of the test sample.The
2
Friedlander, G., et al., Nuclear and Radiochemistry, 3rd Ed., John Wiley and
efficiency of the system can be determined by use of a suitable
Sons, Inc., New York, NY, 1981.
alpha standard having equivalent residual plated solids.
Price,W.J., Nuclear Radiation Detection,2ndEd.,McGraw-HillBookCo.,Inc.,
New York, NY, 1964.
5. Significance and Use
Lapp, R. E., and Andrews, H. L., Nuclear Radiation Physics, 4th Ed.,
Prentice-Hall Inc., New York, NY, 1972.
5.1 This test method was developed for the purpose of
Overman,R.T.,andClark,H.M., Radioisotope Techniques,McGraw-HillBook
measuring gross alpha radioactivity in water. It is used for the
Co., Inc., New York, NY, 1960.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
4
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM American National Standard Glossary of Terms in Nuclear Science and
Standards volume information, refer to
...

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1.2 In principle, there are three basic applications for on-line measurement set ups. This first is the slipstream (bypass) sample technique. For the slipstream sample technique a portion of sample is transported out of the process and through the measurement apparatus. It is then either transported back to the process or to waste. The second is the in-line measurement where the sensor is brought directly into the process (see Fig. 8). The third basic method is for in-situ monitoring of sample waters. This principle is based on the insertion of a sensor into the sample itself as the sample is being processed. The in-situ use in this test method is intended for the monitoring of water during any step within a processing train, including immediately before or after the process itself.  
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1.5 Many of the turbidity units and instrument designs covered in this test method are numerically equivalent in calibration when a common calibration standard is applied across those designs listed in Table 1. Measurement of a common calibration standard of a defined value will also produce equivalent results across these technologies. This test method prescribes the assignment of a determined turbidity values to the technology used to determine those values. Numerical equivalence to turbidity standards is observed between different technologies but is not expected across a common sample. Improved traceability beyond the scope of this test method may be practiced and would include the listing of the make and model number of the instrument used to determine the turbidity values.  
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5.1 Turbidity is monitored to help control processes, monitor the health and biology of aquatic environments and to determine the impact of environmental events such as storms, floods, runoff, etc. Turbidity is undesirable in drinking water, plant-effluent waters, water for food and beverage production, and for a large number of other water-dependent manufacturing processes. Turbidity is often reduced by coagulation, sedimentation and water filtration. The measurement of turbidity may indicate the presence of particle-bound contaminants and is vital for monitoring the completion of a particle-waste settling process. Significant uses of turbidity measurements include:  
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1.1 This test method covers the in-situ field measurements of turbidity in surface water. The measurement range is greater than 1 TU and the lesser of 10 000 TU or the maximum measurable TU value specified by the turbidimeter manufacturer.  
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Sections  
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10 to 200 000  
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Measurement of Static (Non-Flowing) Samples  
μS/cm  
Test Method B—Continuous In-Line Measure  
5 to 200 000  
19 to 23  
ment  
μS/cm  
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This test method covers the apparatus and procedure for the electrometric measurement of oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) in water. The test method described has been designed for the routine and process measurement of oxidation-reduction potential. ORP is defined as the electromotive force between a noble metal electrode and a reference electrode when immersed in a solution. The ORP electrodes are inert and measure the ratio of the activities of the oxidized to the reduced species present. In addition, the ORP electrodes reliably measure ORP in nearly all aqueous solutions and in general are not subject to solution interference from color, turbidity, colloidal matter, and suspended matter. The apparatus to be used in the measurement of ORP includes: pH meter, reference electrode, oxidation-reduction electrode and electrode assembly. Materials necessary in the procedure for ORP measurement include chemical reagents, aqua regia, water, buffer standard salts, phthalate reference buffer solution, phosphate reference buffer solution, chromic acid cleaning solution, detergent, nitric acid, redox standard solution or ferrous-ferric reference solution, and redox reference quinhydrone solutions.
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4.2 Possible treatment schemes can be devised to prevent deposition from reoccurring.  
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1.1 These practices provide directions for the preparation of the sample for analysis, the preliminary examination of the sample, and methods for dissolving the analytical sample or selectively separating constituents of concern.  
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Sections  
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8  
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9  
Dissolving the Analytical Sample  
10  
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SCOPE
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1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific hazard statement, see Section 9.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method has not been evaluated for all possible matrices. Test method suitability should be determined on specific waters of interest.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a solid phase extraction (SPE) procedure to separate 99Tc from environmental water (non-process-related or effluent water samples). Technetium-99 beta activity is measured by liquid scintillation spectrometry.  
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1.3 This test method has been used successfully with tap water. It is the user’s responsibility to ensure the validity of this test method for samples larger than 1 L and for waters of untested matrices.  
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1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of radioactive 90Sr in environmental water samples (for example, non-process and effluent waters) in the range of 0.037 Bq/L (1.0 pCi/L) or greater.  
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1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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