ASTM G83-96
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Wear Testing with a Crossed-Cylinder Apparatus (Withdrawn 2005)
Standard Test Method for Wear Testing with a Crossed-Cylinder Apparatus (Withdrawn 2005)
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a laboratory test for determining the resistance of metallic materials to metal-to-metal wear produced in a crossed cylinder apparatus. The intent of this test method is to produce data that will reproducibly rank materials in their resistance to wear and evaluate the compatibility of different metal couples. The test method is normally used to determine the wear resistance of a material when it wears against itself. However, the test can also be used to evaluate the compatibility of different materials.
1.2 When the rotating and stationary bars are of the same material, wear test results are reported as the total volume loss in cubic millimetres for the rotating and stationary cylinders. The manner of recording the results also specifies the particular test procedure used. The value is obtained by adding the volume loss of the rotating member to the volume loss of the nonrotating member. Materials of higher wear resistance will have lower volume loss. Note 1-To attain uniformity among laboratories, it is the intent of this test method to require that volume loss due to wear be reported only in the metric system as cubic millimetres (1 mm = 6.102 X 10 in. ).
1.3 When dissimilar materials are being tested, wear test results are reported as the volume loss in cubic millimetres for the rotating and stationary test bars separately. When two different metals or alloys are tested, it is also recommended that each metal or alloy be tested in both the stationary and moving positions. Then, for each metal or alloy, the combined volume of wear in both positions should be used in comparisons with self-mated wear volume.
1.4 The test method describes three recommended procedures that are appropriate for different degrees of wear resistance. Note 2-The crossed cylinder wear test inherently exhibits a time varying contact area. A plot of wear volume versus sliding distance is typically nonlinear. Therefore, results obtained using parameters other than those specified in the test method cannot be used to calculate an expected value.
1.4.1 Procedure A -This is a relatively severe test that will rank metallic materials which have high-wear resistance. Materials with wear resistance in the high-speed tool steel category are particularly suited to this test.
1.4.2 Procedure B -This is a short-term variation of Procedure A.
1.4.3 Procedure C -This is a lower speed and shorter term variation of Procedure A that is particularly useful in ranking materials of low-wear resistance.
1.5 In reporting, the values stated in SI units are preferred.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This test method covers a laboratory test for ranking metallic couples in their resistance to sliding wear using the crossed-cylinder apparatus. During the test, wear occurs at a contact between a rotating cylinder and a stationary cylinder which have their long axes oriented normal to each other.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of COmmittee G01 on Corrosion of Metals, this test method was withdrawn in August 2005.
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation:G83–96
Standard Test Method for
Wear Testing with a Crossed-Cylinder Apparatus
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationG83;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Materials with wear resistance in the high-speed tool steel
category are particularly suited to this test.
1.1 This test method covers a laboratory test for ranking
1.4.2 Procedure B—This is a short-term variation of Proce-
metallic couples in their resistance to sliding wear using the
dure A.
crossed-cylinder apparatus. During the test, wear occurs at a
1.4.3 Procedure C—This is a lower speed and shorter term
contact between a rotating cyclinder and a stationary cylinder
variation of Procedure A that is particularly useful in ranking
which have their long axes oriented normal to each other.
materials of low-wear resistance.
1.2 When the rotating and stationary cylinders are of the
1.5 In reporting, the values stated in SI units are preferred.
samematerial,weartestresultsarereportedasthetotalvolume
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
loss in cubic millimetres for the rotating and stationary
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
cylinders.Themannerofrecordingtheresultsalsospecifiesthe
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
particular test procedure used.The value is obtained by adding
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
the volume loss of the rotating member to the volume loss of
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
the nonrotating member. Materials of higher wear resistance
will have lower volume loss.
2. Referenced Documents
NOTE 1—Toattainuniformityamonglaboratories,itistheintentofthis
2.1 ASTM Standards:
testmethodtorequirethatvolumelossduetowearbereportedonlyinthe
E122 Practice for Choice of Sample Size to Estimate a
3 −5 3
metric system as cubic millimetres (1 mm =6.102 310 in. ).
Measure of Quality for a Lot or Process
1.3 When dissimilar materials are being tested, wear test
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
results are reported as the total volume loss in cubic millime-
ASTM Test Methods
tres for the rotating and stationary test cylinders as well as the
G40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
volume loss of each cylinder separately. When two different
3. Terminology
metals or alloys are tested, it is also recommended that each
metal or alloy be tested in both the stationary and moving
3.1 Definitions used in this test method are defined in
positions. Then, for each metal or alloy, the combined volume
accordance with TerminologyG40 as follows:
of wear in both positions should be used in comparisons with
3.1.1 coeffıcient of friction or f in tribology—thedimension-
self-mated wear volume.
less ratio of the friction force (F) between two bodies to the
1.4 The test method describes three recommended proce-
normal force (N) pressing these bodies together
dures that are appropriate for different degrees of wear resis-
µ 5 ~F/N!
tance.
3.1.2 debris—in tribology, particles that have become de-
NOTE 2—The crossed-cylinder wear test inherently exhibits a time
tached in a wear or erosion process.
varying contact area. A plot of wear volume versus sliding distance is
3.1.3 lubricant—anysubstanceinterposedbetweentwosur-
typically nonlinear. Therefore, results obtained using parameters other
faces for the purpose of reducing the friction or wear between
than those specified in the test method cannot be used to calculate an
them.
expected value.
3.1.4 wear—damage to a solid surface generally involving
1.4.1 Procedure A—This is a relatively severe test that will
progressive loss of material, due to relative motion between
rank metallic materials which have high-wear resistance.
that surface and a contracting substance or substances.
3.1.5 wear rate—the rate of material removal or dimen-
1 sional change due to wear per unit of exposure parameter for
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G-2 on Wear
and Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.40 on Non-
Abrasive Wear.
Current edition approved Nov. 11, 1996. Published January 1997. Originally Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
published as G83–89. Last previous edition G83–90. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.02.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
G83–96
example, quantity of material removed (mass, volume, thick- the weight loss to volume loss in cubic millimetres. Wear
ness) in unit distance of sliding or unit time. measurements are reported as volume loss per specified pro-
3.1.5.1 Discussion—Because of the possibility of confu- cedure.
sion, the manner of computing wear rate should always be
5. Significance and Use
carefully specified.
FIG. 1 Falex Crossed Cylinders Test Machine
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: 5.1 The amount of wear in any system will, in general,
3.2.1 applied load—the dead-weight load placed on the depend upon a number of factors such as the applied load,
sliding speed, the sliding distance, environment as well as the
crossed-cylinders.
material properties. In this test method, these conditions are
3.2.1.1 Discussion—The weight of the stationary specimen
standardized to provide a means of determining the relative
holder is included.
wear rates of different metal couples. The value of the test
3.2.2 crossed-cylinder apparatus—machine capable of test-
method lies in predicting the relative ranking of various
ing two cylindrical specimens, positioned perpendicular to
materials where metal-to-metal contact takes place. Since the
each other under load, one rotating at a specified speed while
testmethoddoesnotattempttoduplicatealltheconditionsthat
the other is stationary.
may be experienced in service (for example, lubricant, load,
3.2.3 sliding distance—the distance computed, as the prod-
removal of wear debris, and presence of corrosive environ-
uct of the circumference of the unworn cylinder and the
ment), there is no assurance that the test will predict the
number of revolutions.
relativewearrateofagivenmaterialunderconditionsdiffering
3.2.4 sliding speed—thetestspeedoftherotatingspecimen.
from those in the test.
3.2.5 wear track—the visual surface damage due to relative
motion between the crossed cylinder specimens.
6. Apparatus
6.1 General Description—Fig. 1 shows a commercially
4. Summary of Test Method
available design of this test equipment. This type of machine
4.1 For the crossed-cylinder wear test, two cylindrical
will typically consist of a belt-driven spindle, a chuck or collet
specimens are positioned perpendicular to each other. The test
deviceforholdingtherotatingspecimen,alever-armdeviceto
machine should allow one specimen to rotate at speeds up to
hold the nonrotating specimen and attachments to allow the
400r/min.Thesecond,nonrotatingspecimenispressedagainst
nonrotating specimen to be forced against the rotating speci-
the rotating specimens at a specified load by means of an arm
men with a controlled load. The commercially available unit
and attached weights. It is the intent of the apparatus design
has an optional friction force measuring system that allows
that dead-weight loading be used. The test duration and
4,5
coefficient of friction to be calculated.
rotational speed are varied as noted in ProceduresAthrough C
(see Section 8).
4.2 The amount of wear is determined by weighing the
specimens before and after the test. Because of the wide
Original users of this test method designed and fabricated their own test
differencesinthedensityofmaterials,itisnecessarytoconvert machines.
G83–96
FIG. 2 Typical Test Specimen
6.2 Rotating Specimen Holder—This critical part of the test 7.2 Specimen Specifications—The typical specimen is cy-
device consists of a chuck or collet and an accurate bearing lindrical in shape having dimensions 12.7-mm diameter times
system.Athree-jaw chuck has been found to be unsatisfactory 102-mm long (0.5-in. diameter times 4.0-in. long) as shown in
and its use is not recommended. Fig.2.Sincetherunoutiscriticalallspecimensshallbeground
6.3 Motor Drive—Avariablespeedmotor,capableofmain- on centers capable of maintaining cylindricity of the specimen
taining constant speed under load is required. A minimum outside diameter within 0.0025 mm (0.0001 in.).
motor size should be 0.56 kW ( ⁄4 hp). The motor should be 7.3 Specimen Finish—Test specimens shall be straight and
mounted in such a manner that its vibration does not affect the free from scale. Surface roughness of 1.25 µm (32 µin.)
twocylinders.Thedrivesystembetweentherotatingspecimen arithmeticaverageorlessisacceptable.Measurementsshallbe
andthemotorshouldbepositivesothatthereisnoslippage.A made with the trace parallel to the cylinder axis. State the type
variable test speed up to 400 r/min (41.9 rad/s) should be of surface or surface preparation in the data sheet.
obtainable.Thetestspeedshouldbeaccuratelyset,preferrably
with a digital speed readout. 8. Test Parameters
6.4 Revolution Counter—The machine shall be equipped
8.1 Table 1 specifies the applied force, the number of
with a revolution counter that will record the number of
revolutions, and the test speed for the three test procedures.
specimen revolutions as specified in the procedure. It is
8.2 Duration—The duration of the test will be approxi-
recommendedthatthecyclecounterhavetheabilitytoshutoff
mately 200 min for Procedure A, and 100 min for Procedures
the machine after a preselected number of revolutions is
B and C. The number of revolutions and not the time shall be
obtained.
the controlling parameter.
6.5 Nonrotating Specimen Holder and Lever Arm—The
specimenholderisattachedtotheleverarmwhichhasapivot.
9. Procedure
If the lever is unbalanced, it is necessary to check the loading
9.1 Cleaning—Immediately prior to weighing, the speci-
at the specimens with a direct-force measurement. The com-
mensmustbecleanedanddried.Caremustbetakentoremove
mercial design utilizes a calibrated lever that is balanced and
all dirt and foreign matter from the specimen. Materials with
the weights produce a test force proportional to the weights
open grains (some powder metals) must be dried to remove all
applied.
traces of the cleaning solvent which may be entrapped in the
6.6 Analytical Balance—The balance used to measure the
material. Demagnetize steel specimens having residual mag-
loss in mass of the test specimen shall have a sensitivity of 0.1
netism. Record the methods used for cleaning.
mg.
9.2 Weigh the specimens to the nearest 0.0001 g.
9.3 The rotating cylinder is inserted in the chucking device.
7. Test Specimens and Their Preparation
Adial gage is placed perpendicular to the rotating cylinder on
7.1 Materials—This test may be applied to a variety of
the likely location of the wear track. The dial indicator is read
metallic materials, such as wrought metals, castings, plasma
continuouslyastherotatingcylindergoesthroughoneormore
spray deposits, and powder metals. The only requirement is
completerevolutions.Thedeviationfromthecenterreadingon
that specimens having the specified dimensions can be pre-
the dial gage shall be less than 0.0051 mm (0.0002 in.). The
pared and that they will withstand the stresses imposed during
the test without failure or excessive flexure. The materials
being tested shall be described by composition, heat treatment,
TABLE 1 Test Parameters
product form, and hardness.
A
Applied Force
Specified
B
Equivalent (Pounds Revolutions Speed, r/min
Procedure Force kgf
(Newtons) Equivalent)
A 71.2 7.26 16 80 000 400
The sole source of supply of a commercially built apparatus known to the
B 71.2 7.26 16 40 000 400
committee at this time is Falex Corp., 2055 Comprehensive Dr.,Aurora, IL 60505.
C 71.2 7.26 16 10 000 100
If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information toASTM
A
Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
Force Tolerance is 63%.
B
responsible technical committee, which you may attend. Speed Tolerance is 62%.
G83–96
final determination of concentricity shall be determined at the for the volume-loss values. Interlaboratory tests have shown a
speed of the desired test. coefficient of variation of 30% between laboratories.
9.4 Insert the nonrotating specimen securely in its holder 11.4 Initial Machine Operation and Qualification—The
and add the proper mass to develop the prescribed force number of tests required to establish the precision of the
pressing the nonrotating specimen against the rotating speci- machine for initial machine operations shall be at least five for
men. The force may be measured by means of an accurate eachoftheTestProceduresA,B,andC.Thetestsamplesshall
spring scale that is hooked around the specimen and pulled be taken from the same homogeneous material.
back to lift the specimen away from the wheel. 11.5 The standard deviation from the mean average shall be
9.5 Set the revolution counter to the prescribed number of calculatedfromtheaccumulatedtestresultsandreducedtothe
revolutions. coefficient of variation. The coefficient of variation shall not
9.6 Start the rotation, adjust the speed to within the6 2 exceed 15%. If this value is exceeded, the machine operation
r/min at 100 r/min and 68 r/min at 400 r/min. shall be considered out of control and steps taken to eliminate
9.7 Whenthetesthasrunthedesirednumberofrevolutions, erratic results.
lift the stationary specimen away from the rotating specimen. 11.6 In any test series, all data must be considered in the
9.8 Remove the specimens and clean the specimen of wear calculation, including outliers (data exceeding the obvious
debris. Note the existence of any lip, displaced metal, retained range). For example, an exceedingly high- or low-volume loss
oxide, discoloration, microcracking, or spotting. must not be disregarded except in the case of obvious faulty
9.9 Reweigh the specimens to the nearest 0.0001 g. machine operation.
11.7 While two or more laboratories may develop test data
10. Report
which is within the acceptable coefficient of variation for their
own individual test apparatus, the actual data of each labora-
10.1 The wear test results should be reported as the total
tory may be relatively far apart. The selection of sample size
volume loss in cubic millimetres for like couples per the
and the method for establishing
...
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