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ASTM E1186-17

(Practice)

Standard Practices for Air Leakage Site Detection in Building Envelopes and Air Barrier Systems

Standard Practices for Air Leakage Site Detection in Building Envelopes and Air Barrier Systems

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Air infiltration into the conditioned space of a building accounts for a significant portion of the thermal space condition load. Air infiltration can affect occupant comfort by producing drafts, cause indoor air quality problems by carrying outdoor pollutants into occupied building space and, in hot humid climates, can deposit moisture in the building envelope resulting in deterioration of building envelope components. In cold climates, exfiltration of conditioned air out of a building can deposit moisture in the building envelope causing deterioration of building envelope components. Differential pressure across the building envelope and the presence of air leakage sites cause air infiltration and exfiltration (1).4  
5.2 In some buildings, restricting air movement between interior zones of a building may be desired to separate dissimilar interior environments or prevent the movement of pollutants. Although not dealt with specifically in this standard, the detection practices presented can also be useful in detecting air leaks between interior zones of the building.  
5.3 Air leakage sites are often difficult to locate because air flows may be small under the prevailing weather conditions. Wind conditions can aid in air leakage detection by forcing air to enter a building; however, where air is exiting, the building envelope construction may make observations difficult. For these reasons, forced pressurization or depressurization is strongly recommended for those practices which require controlled flow direction.  
5.4 The techniques for air leakage site detection covered in these practices allow for a wide range of flexibility in the choice of techniques that are best suited for detecting various types of air leakage sites in specific situations.  
5.5 The infrared scanning technique for air leakage site detection has the advantage of rapid surveying capability. Entire building exterior surfaces or inside wall surfaces can be covered with a single scan or...
SCOPE
1.1 These practices cover standardized techniques for locating air leakage sites in building envelopes and air barrier systems.  
1.2 These practices offer a choice of means for determining the location of air leakage sites with each offering certain advantages for specific applications.  
1.3 Some of the practices require a knowledge of infrared scanning, building and test chamber pressurization and depressurization, smoke and fog generation techniques, sound generation and detection, and tracer gas concentration measurement techniques.  
1.4 The practices described are of a qualitative nature in determining the air leakage sites rather than determining quantitative leakage rates.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 6.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Jul-2017
ICS
91.120.99 - Other standards related to protection of and in buildings
Technical Committee
E06 - Performance of Buildings
Drafting Committee
E06.41 - Air Leakage and Ventilation Performance
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM E1186-17 - Standard Practices for Air Leakage Site Detection in Building Envelopes and Air Barrier SystemsASTM E1186-17 - Standard Practices for Air Leakage Site Detection in Building Envelopes and Air Barrier Systems
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E1186 − 17
Standard Practices for
Air Leakage Site Detection in Building Envelopes and Air
1
Barrier Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1186; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 These practices cover standardized techniques for locat- 2.1 ASTM Standards:
ing air leakage sites in building envelopes and air barrier E631 Terminology of Building Constructions
systems. E741 Test Method for Determining Air Change in a Single
Zone by Means of a Tracer Gas Dilution
1.2 These practices offer a choice of means for determining
E779 Test Method for DeterminingAir Leakage Rate by Fan
the location of air leakage sites with each offering certain
Pressurization
advantages for specific applications.
2.2 Entertainment Services and Technology Association
1.3 Some of the practices require a knowledge of infrared 3
(ESTA) Standards:
scanning, building and test chamber pressurization and
ANSI E1.5 Entertainment Technology–Theatrical Fog Made
depressurization, smoke and fog generation techniques, sound
with Aqueous Solutions of Di- and Trihydric Alcohols
generation and detection, and tracer gas concentration mea-
ANSI E1.23 Entertainment Technology–Design and Execu-
surement techniques.
tion of Theatrical Fog Effects
3
2.3 Other Standards:
1.4 The practices described are of a qualitative nature in
determining the air leakage sites rather than determining ANSI-ASHRAE Standard 101 Application of Infrared Sens-
ing Devices to the Assessment of Building Heat Loss
quantitative leakage rates.
Characteristics
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
ISO Standard 6781 Thermal Insulation—Qualitative Detec-
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
tion of Thermal Irregularities in Building Envelopes—
standard.
Infrared Method
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 3. Terminology
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1 Definitions:
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
3.1.1 air barrier system, n—a system in building construc-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
tion that is designed and installed to reduce air leakage either
For specific hazard statements, see Section 6.
into or through the building envelope.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.1.2 air exfiltration, n—air leakage out of the building.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3.1.3 air infiltration, n—air leakage into the building.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3.1.4 air leakage rate, n—the volume of air movement per
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
unit time across the building envelope or air barrier system,
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
including flow through joints, cracks, and porous surfaces, or
1 2
These practices are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Performance of Buildings and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.41 contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
on Air Leakage and Ventilation Performance. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved July 15, 2017. Published August 2017. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as E1186-03(2009). DOI: Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
10.1520/E1186-17. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1186 − 17
combinations thereof, in which the driving force for such air E779) or using the mechanical system in the building. Because
leakage in buildings is either mechanical pressurization or the infiltrating air is at a different temperature than the interior
evacuation, natural wind pressures, or air temperature differ- surfaces of the building envelope, local interior surface tem-
ences between the building interior and the outdoors, or perature changes take place which can be detected by infrared
combinations thereof. scanning equipment. The infrared pattern resulting from air
leakage is different from that associated with varied
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E1186 − 03 (Reapproved 2009) E1186 − 17
Standard Practices for
Air Leakage Site Detection in Building Envelopes and Air
1
Barrier Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1186; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 These practices cover standardized techniques for locating air leakage sites in building envelopes and air barrier systems.
1.2 These practices offer a choice of means for determining the location of air leakage sites with each offering certain
advantages for specific applications.
1.3 Some of the practices require a knowledge of infrared scanning, building and test chamber pressurization and
depressurization, smoke and fog generation techniques, sound generation and detection, and tracer gas concentration measurement
techniques.
1.4 The practices described are of a qualitative nature in determining the air leakage sites rather than determining quantitative
leakage rates.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 6.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E631 Terminology of Building Constructions
E741 Test Method for Determining Air Change in a Single Zone by Means of a Tracer Gas Dilution
E779 Test Method for Determining Air Leakage Rate by Fan Pressurization
3
2.2 Entertainment Services and Technology Association (ESTA) Standards:
ANSI E1.5 Entertainment Technology–Theatrical Fog Made with Aqueous Solutions of Di- and Trihydric Alcohols
ANSI E1.23 Entertainment Technology–Design and Execution of Theatrical Fog Effects
3
2.3 Other Standards:
ANSI-ASHRAE Standard 101 Application of Infrared Sensing Devices to the Assessment of Building Heat Loss Characteristics
ISO Standard 6781 Thermal Insulation—Qualitative Detection of Thermal Irregularities in Building Envelopes—Infrared
Method
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 air barrier system, n—a system in building construction that is designed and installed to reduce air leakage either into or
through the building envelope.
1
These practices are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Performance of Buildings and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.41 on Air Leakage
and Ventilation Performance.
Current edition approved April 15, 2009July 15, 2017. Published June 2009August 2017. Originally approved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 20032009 as
E1186 – 03.E1186-03(2009). DOI: 10.1520/E1186-03R09.10.1520/E1186-17.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’sstandard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1186 − 17
3.1.2 air exfiltration, n—air leakage out of the building.
3.1.3 air infiltration, n—air leakage into the building.
3.1.4 air leakage rate, n—the volume of air movement per unit time across the building envelope or air barrier system, including
flow through joints, cracks, and porous surfaces, or combinations thereof, in which the driving force for such air leakage in
buildings is either mechanical pressurization or evacuation, natural wind pressures, or air temperature differences between the
building interior and the outdoors, or combinations thereof.
3.1.
...

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5.1 Air infiltration into the conditioned space of a building accounts for a significant portion of the thermal space condition load. Air infiltration can affect occupant comfort by producing drafts, cause indoor air quality problems by carrying outdoor pollutants into occupied building space and, in hot humid climates, can deposit moisture in the building envelope resulting in deterioration of building envelope components. In cold climates, exfiltration of conditioned air out of a building can deposit moisture in the building envelope causing deterioration of building envelope components. Differential pressure across the building envelope and the presence of air leakage sites cause air infiltration and exfiltration (1).4  
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Standard Practice for Installing Radon Mitigation Systems in Existing Low-Rise Residential Buildings

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The purpose of the methods, systems, and designs described in this practice is to reduce radiation exposures for occupants of residential buildings caused by radon and its progeny. The goal of mitigation is to maintain reduced radon concentrations in occupiable areas of buildings at levels as low as reasonably achievable. This practice includes sections on reducing radiation exposure caused by radon and its progeny for workers who install and repair radon mitigation systems. The goal for workers is to reduce exposures to radon and its progeny to levels as low as reasonably achievable.  
5.2 The methods, systems, designs, and materials described here have been shown to have a high probability of success in mitigating radon in attached and detached residential buildings, three stories or less in height (see EPA, “Radon Reduction Techniques for Existing Detached Houses, Technical Guidance (Third Edition) for Active Soil Depressurization Systems”). Application of these methods does not, however, guarantee reduction of radon levels below any specific level, since performance will vary with site conditions, construction characteristics, weather, and building operation.  
5.3 When applying this practice, contractors also shall conform to all applicable local, state, and federal regulations, and laws pertaining to residential building construction, remodeling, and improvement.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes methods for reducing radon entry into existing attached and detached residential buildings three stories or less in height. This practice is intended for use by trained, certified or licensed, or both, or otherwise qualified individuals.  
1.2 These methods are based on radon mitigation techniques that have been effective in reducing radon levels in a wide range of residential buildings and soil conditions. These fan powered mitigation methods are listed in Appendix X1. More detailed information is contained in references cited throughout this practice.  
1.3 This practice is intended to provide radon mitigation contractors with a uniform set of practices that will ensure a high degree of safety and the likelihood of success in retrofitting low rise residential buildings with radon mitigation systems.  
1.4 The methods described in this practice apply to currently occupied or formerly occupied residential buildings, including buildings converted or being converted to residential use, as well as residential buildings changed or being changed by addition(s) or alteration(s), or both. The radon reduction activities performed on new dwellings, while under construction, before occupancy, and for up to one year after occupancy, are covered by Practice E1465.  
1.5 This practice also is intended as a model set of practices, which can be adopted or modified by state and local jurisdictions, to fulfill objectives of their specific radon contractor certification or licensure programs. Radon mitigation performed in accordance with this practice is considered ordinary repair.  
1.6 The methods addressed in this practice include the following categories of contractor activity: general practices, building investigation, systems design, systems installation, materials, monitors and labeling, post-mitigation testing, and documentation.  
1.7 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 6 for specific safety hazards.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles...

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ASTM
ASTM C1744-19(Practice)
Standard Practice for Installation and Use of Radiant Barrier Systems (RBS) in Commercial/Industrial Building Construction

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 In this practice it is recognized that effectiveness, safety, and durability of an RBS depends not only on the quality of the materials, but also on proper installation.  
4.2 Improper installation of an RBS will reduce the thermal effectiveness, cause fire risks and other unsafe conditions, and promote deterioration of the structure in which it is installed. Improper installations include fires caused by: (1) heat buildup in recessed lighting fixtures, (2) deterioration or failure of electrical wiring components, and (3) deterioration in wood structures and paint failure as a result of moisture accumulation.  
4.3 This practice provides direction for the installation of RBS products in a safe and effective manner. Actual conditions in existing buildings vary greatly and care shall be taken to ensure safe and effective installation.  
4.4 In this practice, requirements are presented that are both general and specific in nature and practical. They are not intended as specific instructions unless so indicated. The user shall consult the manufacturer for application and installation methods. The requirements in this practice shall be the minimum material and installation requirements for RBS.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice has been prepared for use by the designer, specifier, builder, and the installer of radiant barrier systems (RBS) for use in commercial/industrial building construction not otherwise restricted from use. The scope is limited to instruction relative to the use and installation of RBS, including a surface(s) normally having an emittance of 0.1 or less, such as metallic foil or metallic foil deposits, mounted on substrates. Some examples that this practice is intended to address include: (1) low-emittance surfaces in vented building envelope cavities intended to retard radiant transfer across the airspace: (2) low-emittance surfaces at interior building surfaces intended to retard radiant transfer to, or from, building inhabitants; and (3) low-emittance surface at interior building surfaces intended to reduce radiant transfer to, or from, radiant heating or cooling systems.  
1.2 This practice covers the installation process from pre-installation inspection through the post-installation procedure. It does not cover the production of the radiant barrier materials. (See Specification C1313.)  
1.3 This practice is not intended to replace the manufacturer’s installation instructions but shall be used in conjunction with such instructions. This practice is not intended to supercede local, state, federal, or international codes.  
1.4 This practice assumes that the installer possesses a good working knowledge of the applicable codes and regulations, safety practices, tools, equipment, and methods necessary for installation of radiant barrier materials. It also assumes that the installer understands the fundamentals of commercial/industrial building construction that affect the installation of RBS.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements see Sections 5 and 7.  
1.7 When the installation or use of radiant barrier materials, accessories, and systems has the potential to pose safety or health problems, the manufacturer shall provide the user appropriate current information regarding any known problems associated with the use of the product of the company and shall also specify protective measures.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with inte...

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ASTM
ASTM C1743-19(Practice)
Standard Practice for Installation and Use of Radiant Barrier Systems (RBS) in Residential Building Construction

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 In this practice it is recognized that effectiveness, safety, and durability of an RBS depends not only on the quality of the materials, but also on proper installation.  
4.2 Improper installation of an RBS will reduce the thermal effectiveness, cause fire risks and other unsafe conditions, and promote deterioration of the structure in which it is installed. Improper installations include fires caused by: (1) heat buildup in recessed lighting fixtures, (2) deterioration or failure of electrical wiring components, and (3) deterioration in wood structures and paint failure as a result of moisture accumulation.  
4.3 This practice provides directions for the installation of RBS products in a safe and effective manner. Actual conditions in existing buildings vary greatly and care shall be taken to ensure safe and effective installation.  
4.4 In this practice requirements are presented that are both general and specific in nature and practical. They are not intended as specific instructions unless so indicated. The user shall consult the manufacturer for recommended application and installation methods. The requirements in this practice shall be the minimum material and installation requirements for RBS.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice has been prepared for use by the designer, specifier, builder, and the installer of radiant barrier systems (RBS) for use in (multi- and single-family) residential building construction, not otherwise restricted from use. The scope is limited to instructions relative to the use and installation of RBS, including a surface(s) normally having an emittance of 0.1 or less, such as metallic foil or metallic foil deposits, mounted on substrates. Some examples that this practice is intended to address include: (1) low-emittance surfaces in vented building envelope cavities intended to retard radiant transfer across the airspace: (2) low-emittance surfaces at interior building surfaces intended to retard radiant transfer to, or from, building inhabitants; and (3) low-emittance surface at interior building surfaces intended to reduce radiant transfer to, or from, radiant heating or cooling systems.  
1.2 This practice covers the installation process from pre-installation inspection through the post-installation procedure. It does not cover the production of the radiant barrier materials. (See Specification C1313.)  
1.3 This practice is not intended to replace the manufacturer’s installation instructions but shall be used in conjunction with such instructions. This practice is not intended to supercede local, state, federal, or international codes.  
1.4 This practice assumes that the installer possesses a good working knowledge of the applicable codes and regulations, safety practices, tools, equipment, and methods necessary for installation of radiant barrier materials. It also assumes that the installer understands the fundamentals of residential building construction that affect the installation of RBS.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements see Sections 5 and 7.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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