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ASTM D1106-96(2007)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Acid-Insoluble Lignin in Wood

Standard Test Method for Acid-Insoluble Lignin in Wood

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Wood contains approximately 20 to 30 % lignin. Removal of the lignin is the primary objective of pulping and bleaching procedures. Determination of the lignin content provides information for the evaluation and application of these processes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the acid-insoluble lignin content of wood.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 6.1.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Mar-2007
ICS
79.040 - Wood, sawlogs and sawn timber
Technical Committee
D07 - Wood
Drafting Committee
D07.01 - Fundamental Test Methods and Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D1106-96(2001) - Standard Test Method for Acid-Insoluble Lignin in Wood
Effective Date
01-Apr-2007

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ASTM D1106-96(2007) - Standard Test Method for Acid-Insoluble Lignin in WoodASTM D1106-96(2007) - Standard Test Method for Acid-Insoluble Lignin in Wood
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ASTM D1106-96(2007) - Standard Test Method for Acid-Insoluble Lignin in Wood
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D1106 − 96(Reapproved 2007) Technical Association of Pulp and Paper Industry
Standard Method T 222-om-83
Standard Test Method for
Acid-Insoluble Lignin in Wood
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1106; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.2 The alcohol extraction is necessary in analysis of woods
high in tannin; that is, oak, chestnut, redwood, etc. It has not
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the
been shown necessary in the more common pulpwoods, such
acid-insoluble lignin content of wood.
as the various species of spruce, pine, fir, hemlock, poplar,
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
birch, beech, and maple. It is recommended that for these
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
woods the alcohol extraction be omitted unless it is desirable
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
for a special purpose. In analysis of woods not listed, the
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
desirability of the alcohol extraction depends upon the purpose
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-
of the analysis and the report should state whether or not
tionary statements are given in 6.1.
alcohol extraction was used.
2. Referenced Documents
4. Significance and Use
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.1 Wood contains approximately 20 to 30 % lignin. Re-
D1107 Test Method for Ethanol-Toluene Solubility of Wood
moval of the lignin is the primary objective of pulping and
bleaching procedures. Determination of the lignin content
3. Principle of Method
provides information for the evaluation and application of
3.1 When wood is treated with strong acids the carbohy-
these processes.
drates are hydrolyzed, leaving an insoluble residue which is
determined as lignin. Since some of the wood extractives (oils,
5. Apparatus
resins, fats, waxes, tannins, gums, and starch) would remain
5.1 Extraction Apparatus—A compact form of Soxhlet ex-
insoluble with the lignin, these are first removed by proper
traction apparatus, with ground-glass joints, is preferable. The
solvents.The72 %sulfuricacidmethodforlignincontainstwo
apparatus shall consist of the following items:
and sometimes three preliminary extractive treatments,
5.1.1 Soxhlet Extraction Flask, having a capacity of 250
namely: (1) with alcohol, to remove the catechol tannins; (2)
mL.
with alcohol-benzene solution, to remove the resins, oils, fats
5.1.2 Soxhlet Extraction Tube, 45 to 50 mm in inside
and waxes; and (3) with hot water, to remove the remaining
water-soluble materials. diameter, having a capacity to the top of the siphon of
approximately 100 mL and a siphon tube approximately 55
mm in height. Extraction tubes of these dimensions siphon
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D07 on Wood
more rapidly than extractors with higher siphon tubes.
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.01 on Fundamental Test
5.1.3 Condenser, of the Hopkins inner-cooled type.
Methods and Properties.
Current edition approved April 1, 2007. Published April 2007. Originally 5.1.4 Extraction Crucibles, of Alundum or fritted glass and
approved in 1950. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D1106 – 96 (2001).
of medium or fine porosity.
DOI: 10.1520/D1106-96R07.
For further information on this test method the following references may be 5.2 Filtering Crucibles—Alundum, porous porcelain, or
consulted:
fritted-glass crucibles (all of fine porosity), or Gooch crucibles
Bray, M. W., “Methods Used at the Forest Products Laboratory for the Chemical
with a glass-fiber mat, are recommended for filtering the
Analysis of Pulps and Pulpwoods,”PaperTradeJournal,Vol 87, No. 25, December
separated lignin. Glass crucibles cannot be used if the lignin is
20, 1928, p. 29.
Ritter, G. J., Seborg, R. M., Mitchell, R. L., Industrial and Engineering
to be ashed.
Chemistry, Analytical Edition, Vol 4, 1932, p. 202.
Ritter, G. J., and Barbour, J. H., Industrial and Engineering Chemistry,
6. Reagents
Analytical Edition, Vol 7, 1935, p. 238.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
6.1 Ethylene-Toluene Solution—Mix 1.0 L absolute ethanol
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
and 427 mL toluene. (Warning—Avoid inhalation of vapors
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. and contact with skin.)
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D1106 − 96 (2007)
6.2 Sulfuric Acid (72 %)—Carefully pour 665 mL of H SO (72 %).Mixthespecimenwellwiththeacidbystirring
2 4
H SO (sp gr 1.84) into about 300 mLof water, with vigorous constantly for at least 1 min. Allow to stand for 2 h, with
2 4
stirring, and after cooling, dilute to 1 L. Standardize against frequent stirring, at a temperatur
...

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ASTM D2555-17a(2024)e1(Practice)
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ABSTRACT
This practice presents the two standard methods for determining the strength values of clear wood of different species in the unseasoned condition, unadjusted for end use, applicable to the establishment of working stresses for different solid wood products such as lumber, laminated wood, plywood, and round timbers. Method A provides for the use of the results of surveys of wood density involving extensive sampling of forest trees, in combination with the data obtained from standard strength tests. The average strength properties are obtained from wood density survey data through linear regression equations establishing the relation of specific gravity to the several strength properties. Method B, on the other hand, provides for the establishment of tables of strength values based on standard tests of small clear specimens in the unseasoned condition for use when data from density surveys are not available. Separate tables are employed to present the data on woods grown in the United States and on woods grown in Canada. Guidelines for the interpretation of the data in terms of assigned values, information basic to the translation of the clear wood values into working stresses, presently available data with appropriate provisions for their application and use, and methods for estimating some useful mechanical properties by relating them to other properties are presented herein as well.
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1.1 This practice covers the determination of strength values for clear wood of different species in the unseasoned condition, unadjusted for end use, applicable to the establishment of design values for different solid wood products such as lumber, laminated wood, plywood, and round timbers. Presented are:  
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5.1 Density and specific gravity are cornerstone terms that help define many useful properties of wood and wood-based materials. These terms designate concepts that have distinct definitions though they relate to the same characteristic (mass in a unit volume). Generally, in the US and Canada, density of wood is measured in terms of specific gravity, or relative density. In the wood-based composites industry and internationally the term density is often preferred.  
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5.3 It is often desirable to know the density or specific gravity of a living tree, a structural member already in place, a log cross section, a segment of a research element, or the earlywood or latewood layer. Therefore, it is possible that specimens will be large or small, regular or irregular in shape, and at a variety of moisture contents. These test methods give procedures that include all of these variables and provides for calculation of density and specific gr...
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8  
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1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Machining tests are made to determine the working qualities and characteristics of different species of wood and of different wood-based panel materials under a variety of machine operations such as are encountered in commercial manufacturing practice. The tests provide a systematic basis for comparing the behavior of different products with respect to woodworking machine operations and of evaluating their potential suitability for certain uses where these properties are of prime importance.
SCOPE
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1.1.2 Wood-base panel materials such as plywood and wood-base fiber and particle panels.  
1.2 Because of the importance of planing, some of the variables that affect the results of this operation are explored with a view to determining optimum conditions. In most of the other tests, however, it is necessary to limit the work to one set of fairly typical commercial conditions in which all the different woods are treated alike.  
1.3 Several factors enter into any complete appraisal of the machining properties of a given wood or wood-base panel. Quality of finished surface is recommended as the basis for evaluation of machining properties. Rate of dulling of cutting tools and power consumed in cutting are also important considerations but are beyond the scope of these test methods.  
1.4 Although the methods presented include the results of progressive developments in the evaluation of machining properties, further improvements are anticipated. For example, by present procedures, quality of the finished surface is evaluated by visual inspection, but as new mechanical or physical techniques become available that will afford improved precision of evaluation, they should be employed.  
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4.1 Computer simulation is known to be a very powerful analytical tool for both practitioners and researchers in the area of wood products and their applications in structural engineering. Complex structural systems can be analyzed by computer with the computer generating the system components, given the probability distribution of each component. Frequently the components are single boards for which a compatible set of strength and stiffness properties are needed. However, the entire structural simulation process is dependent upon the adequacy of the standard uniform number generator required to generate random observations from prescribed probability distribution functions.  
4.2 The technological capabilities and wide availability of microcomputers has encouraged their increased use for simulation studies. Tests of random number generators in commonly available microcomputers have disclosed serious deficiencies (1).3 Adequacy may be a function of intended end-use. This practice is concerned with generation of sets of random numbers, as may be required for simulations of large populations of material properties for simulation of complex structures. For more demanding applications, the use of packaged and pretested random number generators is encouraged.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice gives a minimum testing procedure of computer generation routines for the standard uniform distribution. Random observations from the standard uniform distribution, RU, range from zero to one with every value between zero and one having an equal chance of occurrence.  
1.2 The tests described in this practice only support the basic use of random number generators, not their use in complex or extremely precise simulations.  
1.3 Simulation details for the normal, lognormal, 2-parameter Weibull and 3-parameter Weibull probability distributions are presented.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.See specific warning statement in 5.5.3.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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