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ASTM E275-08(2022)

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Describing and Measuring Performance of Ultraviolet and Visible Spectrophotometers

Standard Practice for Describing and Measuring Performance of Ultraviolet and Visible Spectrophotometers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice permits an analyst to compare the general performance of an instrument, as it is being used in a specific spectrophotometric method, with the performance of instruments used in developing the method.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the description of requirements of spectrophotometric performance, especially for test methods, and the testing of the adequacy of available equipment for a specific method (for example, qualification for a given application). The tests give a measurement of some of the important parameters controlling results obtained in spectrophotometric methods, but it is specifically not to be concluded that all the factors in instrument performance are measured, or in fact may be required for a given application.  
1.1.1 This practice is primarily directed to dispersive spectrophotometers used for transmittance measurements rather than instruments designed for diffuse transmission and diffuse reflection.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Dec-2021
ICS
17.180.30 - Optical measuring instruments
Technical Committee
E13 - Molecular Spectroscopy and Separation Science
Drafting Committee
E13.01 - Ultra-Violet, Visible, and Luminescence Spectroscopy
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM E275-08(2022) - Standard Practice for Describing and Measuring Performance of Ultraviolet and Visible SpectrophotometersASTM E275-08(2022) - Standard Practice for Describing and Measuring Performance of Ultraviolet and Visible Spectrophotometers
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ASTM E275-08(2022) - Standard Practice for Describing and Measuring Performance of Ultraviolet and Visible Spectrophotometers
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E275 − 08 (Reapproved 2022)
Standard Practice for
Describing and Measuring Performance of Ultraviolet and
1
Visible Spectrophotometers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E275; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
In developing a spectrophotometric method, it is the responsibility of the originator to describe the
instrumentation and the performance required to duplicate the precision and accuracy of the method.
It is necessary to specify this performance in terms that may be used by others in applications of the
method.
The tests and measurements described in this practice are for the purpose of determining the
experimental conditions required for a particular analytical method. In using this practice, an analyst
has either a particular analysis for which he describes requirements for instrument performance or he
expects to test the capability of an instrument to perform a particular analysis. To accomplish either
of these objectives, it is necessary that instrument performance be obtained in terms of the factors that
control the analysis. Unfortunately, it is true that not all the factors that can affect the results of an
analysis are readily measured and easily specified for the various types of spectrophotometric
equipment.
Of the many factors that control analytical results, this practice covers verification of the essential
parameters of wavelength accuracy, photometric accuracy, stray light, resolution, and characteristics
of absorption cells as the parameters of spectrophotometry that are likely to be affected by the analyst
in obtaining data. Other important factors, particularly those primarily dependent on instrument
design, are also covered in this practice.
1. Scope 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
1.1 This practice covers the description of requirements of
standard.
spectrophotometric performance, especially for test methods,
and the testing of the adequacy of available equipment for a
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
specific method (for example, qualification for a given appli-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
cation).The tests give a measurement of some of the important
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
parameters controlling results obtained in spectrophotometric
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
methods, but it is specifically not to be concluded that all the
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
factors in instrument performance are measured, or in fact may
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
be required for a given application.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
1.1.1 This practice is primarily directed to dispersive spec-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
trophotometers used for transmittance measurements rather
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
than instruments designed for diffuse transmission and diffuse
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
reflection.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E13 on Molecular
Spectroscopy and Separation Science and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-
mittee E13.01 on Ultra-Violet, Visible, and Luminescence Spectroscopy.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2022. Published January 2022. Originally
approved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as E275 – 08 (2013).
DOI: 10.1520/E0275-08R22.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E275 − 08 (2022)
2. Referenced Documents 6. Parameters in Spectrophotometry
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: 6.1 Any spectrophotometer may be described as a source of
radiant energy, a dispersing optical element, and a detector
E131 Terminology Relating to Molecular Spectroscopy
E168 Practices for General Techniques of Infrared Quanti- together with a photometer for measuring relative radiant
power.Accurate spectrophotometry involves a large number of
tative Analysis
E169 PracticesforGeneralTechniquesofUltraviolet-Visible interrelated factors that determine the quality of the radiant
energy passing thr
...

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4.1 Generally, Raman spectra measured using grating-based dispersive or Fourier transform Raman spectrometers have not been corrected for the instrumental response (spectral responsivity of the detection system). Raman spectra obtained with different instruments may show significant variations in the measured relative peak intensities of a sample compound. This is mainly as a result of differences in their wavelength-dependent optical transmission and detector efficiencies. These variations can be particularly large when widely different laser excitation wavelengths are used, but can occur when the same laser excitation is used and spectra of the same compound are compared between instruments. This is illustrated in Fig. 1, which shows the uncorrected luminescence spectrum of SRM 2241, acquired upon four different commercially available Raman spectrometers operating with 785 nm laser excitation. Instrumental response variations can also occur on the same instrument after a component change or service work has been performed. Each spectrometer, due to its unique combination of filters, grating, collection optics and detector response, has a very unique spectral response. The spectrometer dependent spectral response will of course also affect the shape of Raman spectra acquired upon these systems. The shape of this response is not to be construed as either “good or bad” but is the result of design considerations by the spectrometer manufacturer. For instance, as shown in Fig. 1, spectral coverage can vary considerably between spectrometer systems. This is typically a deliberate tradeoff in spectrometer design, where spectral coverage is sacrificed for enhanced spectral resolution.
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This test method covers the testing of the spectral bandwidth and wavelength accuracy of fluorescence spectrometers that use a monochromator for emission wavelength selection and photomultiplier tube detection. The method can be applied to instruments that use multi-element detectors, such as diode arrays, but results must be interpreted carefully. Atomic lines between 250 nm and 1000 nm are used in the method. The difference between the apparent wavelength and the known wavelength for a series of atomic emission lines is used as a test for wavelength accuracy. The apparent width of some of these lines is used as a test for spectral bandwidth.
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4.1 Wavenumber calibration is an important part of Raman analysis. The calibration of a Raman spectrometer is performed or checked frequently in the course of normal operation and even more often when working at high resolution. To date, the most common source of wavenumber values is either emission lines from low-pressure discharge lamps (for example, mercury, argon, or neon) or from the non-lasing plasma lines of the laser. There are several good compilations of these well-established values (1-8).3 The disadvantages of using emission lines are that it can be difficult to align lamps properly in the sample position and the laser wavelength must be known accurately. With argon, krypton, and other ion lasers commonly used for Raman the latter is not a problem because lasing wavelengths are well known. With the advent of diode lasers and other wavelength-tunable lasers, it is now often the case that the exact laser wavelength is not known and may be difficult or time-consuming to determine. In these situations it is more convenient to use samples of known relative wavenumber shift for calibration. Unfortunately, accurate wavenumber shifts have been established for only a few chemicals. This guide provides the Raman spectroscopist with average shift values determined in seven laboratories for seven pure compounds and one liquid mixture.
SCOPE
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Stray radiant power can be a significant source of error in spectrophotometric measurements. SRP usually increases with the passage of time; therefore, testing should be performed periodically. Moreover, the SRPR test is an excellent indicator of the overall condition of a spectrophotometer. A control-chart record of the results of routinely performed SRPR tests can be a useful indicator of need for corrective action or, at least, of the changing reliability of critical measurements.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice permits an analyst to compare the performance of an instrument to the manufacturer's supplied performance specifications and to verify its suitability for continued routine use. It also provides generation of calibration monitoring data on a periodic basis, forming a base from which any changes in the performance of the instrument will be evident.
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1.1 This practice covers the parameters of spectrophotometric performance that are critical for testing the adequacy of instrumentation for most routine tests and methods2 within the wavelength range of 200 nm to 700 nm and the absorbance range of 0 to 2. The recommended tests provide a measurement of the important parameters controlling results in spectrophotometric methods, but it is specifically not to be inferred that all factors in instrument performance are measured.  
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ASTM E1421-99(2021)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Describing and Measuring Performance of Fourier Transform Mid-Infrared (FT-MIR) Spectrometers: Level Zero and Level One Tests

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice permits an analyst to compare the general performance of an instrument on any given day with the prior performance of an instrument. This practice is not necessarily meant for comparison of different instruments with each other even if the instruments are of the same type and model. This practice is not meant for comparison of the performance of one instrument operated under differing conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes two levels of tests to measure the performance of laboratory Fourier transform mid-infrared (FT-MIR) spectrometers equipped with a standard sample holder used for transmission measurements.  
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1.3.1 Exception—Informational inch-pound units are provided in 5.4.  
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Standard Test Method for Linearity of Fluorescence Measuring Systems

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The range of concentration of a fluorescing substance in solution over which the fluorescence varies linearly with the concentration is the range most useful for quantitative analysis. This range is affected by properties of the solution under analysis and by features of the measuring system. This test method provides a means of testing the performance of a fluorescence measuring system and of determining the concentration range over which the system is suitable for making a given quantitative analysis.  
3.2 This test method is not meant for comparing the performance of different fluorescence measuring instruments.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for evaluating the limits of the linearity of response with fluorescence intensity of fluorescence-measuring systems under operating conditions. Particular attention is given to slit widths, filters, and sample containers. This test method can be used to test the overall linearity under a wide variety of instrumental and sampling conditions. The results obtained apply only to the tested combination of slit width and filters, and the size, type and illumination of the sample cuvette, all of which must be stated in the report. The sources of nonlinearity may be the measuring electronics, excessive absorption of either the exciting or emitted radiation, or both, and the sample handling technique, particularly at low concentrations.  
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1.3 This test method has been applied to fluorescence-measuring systems utilizing a single detector, that is, a photomultiplier tube or a single photodiode. It has not been demonstrated if this method is effective for photo-array instruments such as those using a CCD or a diode array detector.  
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1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E840-95(2021)e1(Practice)
Standard Practice for Using Flame Photometric Detectors in Gas Chromatography

ABSTRACT
This practice is intended as a guide for the use of a flame photometric detector (FPD) as the detection component of a gas chromatographic system. The different principles of flame photometric detectors, and detector construction are presented in details. The detector sensitivity, minimum detectability, dynamic range, power law of sulphur response, linear range-phosphorus mode, unipower response range, noise and drift, and specificity are presented in details. The photomultiplier dark current is the magnitude of the FPD output signal measured with the FPD flame off. Flame background current is the difference in FPD output signal with the flame on and with the flame off in the absence of phosphorus or sulfur compounds in the flame.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended as a guide for the use of a flame photometric detector (FPD) as the detection component of a gas chromatographic system.  
1.2 This practice is directly applicable to an FPD that employs a hydrogen-air flame burner, an optical filter for selective spectral viewing of light emitted by the flame, and a photomultiplier tube for measuring the intensity of light emitted.  
1.3 This practice describes the most frequent use of the FPD which is as an element-specific detector for compounds containing sulfur (S) or phosphorus (P) atoms. However, nomenclature described in this practice are also applicable to uses of the FPD other than sulfur or phosphorus specific detection.  
1.4 This practice is intended to describe the operation and performance of the FPD itself independently of the chromatographic column. However, the performance of the detector is described in terms which the analyst can use to predict overall system performance when the detector is coupled to the column and other chromatographic system components.  
1.5 For general gas chromatographic procedures, Practice E260 should be followed except where specific changes are recommended herein for use of an FPD.  
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1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety information, see Section 4, Hazards.  
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Standard Practice for Estimation of the Spectral Bandwidth of Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These practices should be used by a person who develops an analytical method to ensure that the spectral bandwidths cited in the practice are actually the ones used.
Note 2: The method developer should establish the spectral bandwidths that can be used to obtain satisfactory results.  
4.2 These practices should be used to determine whether a spectral bandwidth specified in a method can be realized with a given spectrophotometer and thus whether the instrument is suitable for use in this application. If accurate absorbance measurements are to be made on compounds with sharp absorption bands (natural half band widths of less than 15 nm) the spectral bandwidth of the spectrometer used should be better than 1/8th of the natural half band width of the compound’s absorption.  
4.3 These practices allow the user of a spectrophotometer to estimate the actual spectral bandwidth of the instrument under a given set of conditions and to compare the result to the spectral bandwidth calculated from data given in the manufacturer's literature or indicated by the instrument.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes procedures for estimating the spectral bandwidth of a spectrophotometer in the wavelength region of 185 nm to 820 nm.  
1.2 These practices are applicable to all modern spectrophotometer designs utilizing computer control and data handling. This includes conventional optical designs, where the sample is irradiated by monochromatic light, and ‘reverse’ optic designs coupled to photodiode arrays, where the light is separated by a polychromator after passing through the sample. For spectrophotometers that utilize servo-operated slits and maintain a constant period and a constant signal-to-noise ratio as the wavelength is automatically scanned, and/or utilize fixed slits and maintain a constant servo loop gain by automatically varying gain or dynode voltage, refer to the procedure described in Annex A1. This procedure is identical to that described in earlier versions of this practice.  
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1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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ASTM E1866-97(2021)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Establishing Spectrophotometer Performance Tests

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 If ASTM Committee E13 has not specified an appropriate test procedure for a specific type of spectrophotometer, or if the sample specified by a Committee E13 procedure is incompatible with the intended spectrophotometer operation, then this guide can be used to develop practical performance tests.  
4.1.1 For spectrophotometers which are equipped with permanent or semi-permanent sampling accessories, the test sample specified in a Committee E13 practice may not be compatible with the spectrophotometer configuration. For example, for FT-MIR instruments equipped with transmittance or IRS flow cells, tests based on polystyrene films are impractical. In such cases, these guidelines suggest means by which the recommended test procedures can be modified so as to be performed on a compatible test material.  
4.1.2 For spectrophotometers used in process measurements, the choice of test materials may be limited due to process contamination and safety considerations. These guidelines suggest means of developing performance tests based on materials which are compatible with the intended use of the spectrophotometer.  
4.2 Tests developed using these guidelines are intended to allow the user to compare the performance of a spectrophotometer on any given day with prior performance. The tests are intended to uncover malfunctions or other changes in instrument operation, but they are not designed to diagnose or quantitatively assess the malfunction or change. The tests are not intended for the comparison of spectrophotometers of different manufacture.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers basic procedures that can be used to develop spectrophotometer performance tests. The guide is intended to be applicable to spectrophotometers operating in the ultraviolet, visible, near-infrared and mid-infrared regions.  
1.2 This guide is not intended as a replacement for specific practices such as Practices E275, E925, E932, E958, E1421, or E1683 that exist for measuring performance of specific types of spectrophotometers. Instead, this guide is intended to provide guidelines in how similar practices should be developed when specific practices do not exist for a particular spectrophotometer type, or when specific practices are not applicable due to sampling or safety concerns. This guide can be used to develop performance tests for on-line process spectrophotometers.  
1.3 This guide describes univariate level zero and level one tests, and multivariate level A and level B tests which can be implemented to measure spectrophotometer performance. These tests are designed to be used as rapid, routine checks of spectrophotometer performance. They are designed to uncover malfunctions or other changes in instrument operation, but do not specifically diagnose or quantitatively assess the malfunction or change. The tests are not intended for the comparison of spectrophotometers of different manufacture.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Guide
    9 pages
    English language
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