ASTM D7158/D7158M-11
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Wind Resistance of Asphalt Shingles (Uplift Force/Uplift Resistance Method)
Standard Test Method for Wind Resistance of Asphalt Shingles (Uplift Force/Uplift Resistance Method)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The wind resistance of sealed asphalt shingles is directly related to the ability of the sealed shingle to resist the force of the wind acting to lift the shingle from the shingle below. This test method employs the measured resistance of the shingle to mechanical uplift after sealing under defined conditions, in a calculation which determines whether this resistance exceeds the calculated force induced by wind passing over the surface of the shingle. Natural wind conditions differ with respect to intensity, duration, and turbulence; while these conditions were considered, and safety factors introduced, extreme natural variations are beyond the means of this test method to simulate.
Many factors influence the sealing characteristics of shingles in the field; for example, temperature, time, roof slope, contamination by dirt and debris, and fasteners that are misaligned or under driven and interfere with sealing. It is beyond the scope of this test method to address all of these influences. The classification determined in this test method is based on the mechanical uplift resistance determined when representative samples of shingles are sealed under defined conditions before testing.
The calculations that support the Classes in 4.1 use several standard building environment factors. These include the 3-s wind gust exposure from ASCE-7, installation on Category I or II buildings for all slopes, ground roughness B or C, and installation on buildings 60 ft tall or less.
Note 2—The assumptions used in the calculations for the classes in 4.1 cover the requirements for the majority of the asphalt shingle roofs installed. If environmental factors are outside those used in the calculations for these classes, such as ground roughness D, building heights greater than 60 ft tall, building use categories III or IV and other exposures as defined by ASCE-7, other calculations are required. Consult the shingle manufacturer for the specific shingle’s DCp, EI, L, L1, and L2 val...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for calculating the wind resistance of asphalt shingles when applied in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions, and sealed under defined conditions. Shingle designs that depend on interlocking or product rigidity to resist the wind cannot be evaluated using this test method. The method calculates the uplift force exerted on the shingle by the action of wind at a specified velocity, and compares that to the mechanical uplift resistance of the shingle. A shingle is determined to be wind resistant at a specified basic wind speed when the measured uplift resistance exceeds the calculated uplift force for that velocity (3-second gust, ASCE 7).
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D7158/D7158M − 11
StandardTest Method for
Wind Resistance of Asphalt Shingles (Uplift Force/Uplift
1
Resistance Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7158/D7158M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Asphalt Roll Roofing, Cap Sheets, and Shingles Used in
Roofing and Waterproofing
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for calculating
D1079Terminology Relating to Roofing and Waterproofing
the wind resistance of asphalt shingles when applied in
D3161 Test Method for Wind-Resistance of Asphalt
accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions, and sealed
Shingles (Fan-Induced Method)
under defined conditions. Shingle designs that depend on
D3462Specification for Asphalt Shingles Made from Glass
interlocking or product rigidity to resist the wind cannot be
Felt and Surfaced with Mineral Granules
evaluated using this test method. The method calculates the
D6381Test Method for Measurement of Asphalt Shingle
uplift force exerted on the shingle by the action of wind at a
Mechanical Uplift Resistance
specified velocity, and compares that to the mechanical uplift
2.2 ASCE Standard:
resistance of the shingle. A shingle is determined to be wind
ASCE 7–02Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and
resistant at a specified basic wind speed when the measured
4
Other Structures
uplift resistance exceeds the calculated uplift force for that
2.3 ANSI/UL Standard:
velocity (3-second gust, ASCE 7).
ANSI/UL 2390–04Test Method for Wind ResistantAsphalt
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
5
Shingles with Sealed Tabs
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
3. Terminology
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
3.1 Definitions:
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
3.1.1 For definition of terms used in this test method, refer
with the standard.
to Terminology D1079.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2.1 sealant—as it relates to steep roofing shingles,is
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
defined as factory-applied or field-applied typically asphaltic
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
material designed to seal the shingles to each other under the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
action of time and temperature after the shingles are applied to
a roof.
2. Referenced Documents
3.2.2 seal—as it relates to steep roofing shingles,isthe
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
bondingthatresultsfromtheactivationofthesealantunderthe
D225Specification forAsphalt Shingles (Organic Felt) Sur-
action of time and temperature.
3
faced With Mineral Granules (Withdrawn 2012)
3.2.3 sealed—the condition of the shingles after they are
D228Test Methods for Sampling, Testing, and Analysis of
subjected to the conditioning procedure described in 10.3.
4. Types and Classes of Shingles
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD08onRoofing
4.1 Shingles are classified based on their resistance to wind
andWaterproofingandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD08.02onSteep
Roofing Products and Assemblies.
velocities determined from measured data (Section 11), calcu-
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2011. Published January 2011. Originally
lationsofupliftforce(Section12),andinterpretationofresults
approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D7158–08d. DOI:
(Section 13), as follows:
10.1520/D7158_D7158M-11.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
4
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available fromAmerican Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 1801Alexander
the ASTM website. Bell Dr., Reston, VA 20191, http://www.asce.org.
3 5
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
www.astm.org. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D7158/D7158M − 11
4.1.1 Class D—Passed at basic wind speeds up to and beyond the scope of this test method to address all of these
including 145 km/h [90 mph]. influences. The classification determined in this test meth
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D7158–08d Designation: D7158/D7158M – 11
Standard Test Method for
Wind Resistance of Asphalt Shingles (Uplift Force/Uplift
1
Resistance Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7158/D7158M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for calculating the wind resistance of asphalt shingles when applied in accordance
with the manufacturer’s instructions, and sealed under defined conditions. Shingle designs that depend on interlocking or product
rigidity to resist the wind cannot be evaluated using this test method.The method calculates the uplift force exerted on the shingle
by the action of wind at a specified velocity, and compares that to the mechanical uplift resistance of the shingle. A shingle is
determined to be wind resistant at a specified basic wind speed when the measured uplift resistance exceeds the calculated uplift
force for that velocity (3-second gust, ASCE 7).
1.2The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D225 Specification for Asphalt Shingles (Organic Felt) Surfaced With Mineral Granules
D228 Test Methods for Sampling, Testing, and Analysis of Asphalt Roll Roofing, Cap Sheets, and Shingles Used in Roofing
and Waterproofing
D1079 Terminology Relating to Roofing and Waterproofing
D3161 Test Method for Wind-Resistance of Asphalt Shingles (Fan-Induced Method)
D3462 Specification for Asphalt Shingles Made from Glass Felt and Surfaced with Mineral Granules
D6381 Test Method for Measurement of Asphalt Shingle Mechanical Uplift Resistance
2.2 ASCE Standard:
3
ASCE 7–02 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures
2.3 ANSI/UL Standard:
4
ANSI/UL 2390–04 Test Method for Wind Resistant Asphalt Shingles with Sealed Tabs
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For definition of terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D1079.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 sealant—as it relates to steep roofing shingles, is defined as factory-applied or field-applied typically asphaltic material
designed to seal the shingles to each other under the action of time and temperature after the shingles are applied to a roof.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D08 on Roofing andWaterproofing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D08.02 on Prepared
Roofings, Shingles and Siding Materials.
Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2008. Published September 2008. Originally approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D7158–08c. DOI:
10.1520/D7158-08D.on Steep Roofing Products and Assemblies.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2011. Published January 2011. Originally approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D7158–08d. DOI:
10.1520/D7158_D7158M-11.
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 1801 Alexander Bell Dr., Reston, VA 20191, http://www.asce.org.
4
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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D7158/D7158M – 11
3.2.2 seal—as it relates to steep roofing shingles, is the bonding that results from the activation of the sealant under the action
of time and t
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