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ASTM D3078-02(2021)e1

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determination of Leaks in Flexible Packaging by Bubble Emission

Standard Test Method for Determination of Leaks in Flexible Packaging by Bubble Emission

ABSTRACT
This test method covers the determination of gross leaks in flexible packaging containing a headspace gas by bubble emission. A vacuum chamber shall be any transparent container capable of withstanding approximately one atmosphere pressure differential, fitted with a vacuum-tight cover. A vacuum gage, an inlet tube from a source of vacuum, and an outlet tube to the atmosphere shall be connected to the chamber cover. Use an immersion fluid which does not degrade the package being tested. The test sample and test fluid shall be at equilibrium with normal room temperature. The procedures for testing are presented in details.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of gross leaks in flexible packaging containing a headspace gas. Test sensitivity is limited to 1 × 10−5 atm cm3/s (1 × 10−6 Pa m3/s) or even less sensitive as indicated in a recent interlaboratory test (reported in Section 12).  
1.2 Small leaks may not be detected by this procedure. Viscoelastic effects on the products, or entrapped air, become significant and prevent passage through small openings. Positive pressure inside the pouch after the vacuum is drawn may force the product to plug small leaks. The size of the leak that can be detected is dependent upon the products contained, the nature of the packaging material, and the test parameters selected.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
14-Jan-2021
ICS
55.040 - Packaging materials and accessories
Technical Committee
F02 - Primary Barrier Packaging
Drafting Committee
F02.40 - Package Integrity
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM E515-05 - Standard Test Method for Leaks Using Bubble Emission Techniques
Effective Date
01-Dec-2005
Refers
ASTM E515-95(2000) - Standard Test Method for Leaks Using Bubble Emission Techniques
Effective Date
10-May-2000

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ASTM D3078-02(2021)e1 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Leaks in Flexible Packaging by Bubble EmissionASTM D3078-02(2021)e1 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Leaks in Flexible Packaging by Bubble Emission
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ASTM D3078-02(2021)e1 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Leaks in Flexible Packaging by Bubble Emission
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
´1
Designation: D3078 − 02 (Reapproved 2021)
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Leaks in Flexible Packaging by Bubble
Emission
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3078; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Keywords were added editorially in January 2021.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 Thistestmethodcoversthedeterminationofgrossleaks 2.1 ASTM Standards:
in flexible packaging containing a headspace gas. Test sensi- E425Definitions of Terms Relating to Leak Testing (With-
−5 3 −6 3 3
tivity is limited to 1×10 atm cm /s (1×10 Pa m /s) or drawn 1991)
even less sensitive as indicated in a recent interlaboratory test E515Practice for Leaks Using Bubble EmissionTechniques
(reported in Section 12). F98Recommended Practice for Determining Hermeticity of
Electron Devices by a Bubble Test (Withdrawn 1990)
1.2 Small leaks may not be detected by this procedure.
Viscoelastic effects on the products, or entrapped air, become
3. Terminology
significant and prevent passage through small openings. Posi-
3.1 Definitions:
tive pressure inside the pouch after the vacuum is drawn may
3.1.1 leak—any opening in a flexible package that, contrary
force the product to plug small leaks. The size of the leak that
to intention, either allows the contents to escape or substances
can be detected is dependent upon the products contained, the
to enter.
nature of the packaging material, and the test parameters
selected.
4. Apparatus
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
4.1 Vacuum Chamber—Any transparent container capable
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
of withstanding approximately one atmosphere pressure
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
differential, fitted with a vacuum-tight cover.Avacuum gauge,
and are not considered standard.
aninlettubefromasourceofvacuum,andanoutlettubetothe
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
atmosphere shall be connected to the chamber cover. The inlet
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
and outlet tubes shall be equipped with hand valves.Attached
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
to the underside of the cover shall be a transparent plate that
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
willcloselyapproximatetheinsidedimensionsofthecontainer
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
and be such a distance from the top of the container that when
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
it is two-thirds filled with fluid, the attached plate will be
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
positioned 1 in. (25 mm) under the fluid.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
5. Materials
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
5.1 Immersion Fluids—Use an immersion fluid which does
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
notdegradethepackagebeingtested.Fluidswithalowsurface
1 2
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeF02onPrimary For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Barrier Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F02.40 on contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Package Integrity. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2021. Published February 2021. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 1972. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D3078–02 (2013). The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
DOI: 10.1520/D3078-02R21E01. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´1
D3078 − 02 (2021)
tension are generally more sensitive. Examples include water, 10.3 If there are no bubbles observed attributable to leaks,
water treated with a wetting agent, denatured alcohol, and and if no test fluid attributable to a leak is inside a specimen,
mineral oil. Other possible fluids are listed in Practice E515 the specimen passes the test.
and Recommended Practice F98.
11. Report
6. Sampling 11.1 Report the following information:
11.1.1 A statement that the test was conducted in compli-
6.1 The number of specimens used in the test sample may
ance with this test method or a description of the deviations
be varied according to the nature of the product, its cost, its
from this test method.
size, and whether the specimens are taken from a production
11.1.2 Identification of the specimen and the specific mate-
line in a normal packaging operation, or are few in number, or
rial tested.
are to be used only for purposes of comparative evaluation of
11.1.2.1 Identification of the test fluid and the maximum
procedures or materials.
vacuum level employed;
11.1.2.2 Astatementregardingtheapproximateaverageand
7. Test Specimen
range of sample expansions when at maximum vacuum; and
7.1 Flexible Package, with or without its intended contents.
11.1.2.3 The time period held at maximum vacuum.
11.1.3 A statement whether or not leakage occurred, and if
8. Conditioning
possible, a report of the location of each leak.
8.1 The test sample and test fluid shall be at equilibrium
11.1.4 Astatement of the number of specimens included in
with normal room temperature.
the test and the number of failures, if any.
11.1.5 Whenthetestisperformedtocheckcompliancewith
9. Procedure
requirements, a statement that the sample did or did not meet
9.1 Submerge the specimen in fluid contained in the vessel the requirement, and identification of the source for the
within the vacuum chamber. The uppermost surface of the requirement.
specimen shall be covered by not less than 1 in. (25 mm) of 11.1.6 When the test is conducted to evaluate or compare
fluid. products, materials, or methods, a statement of any observa-
tions that may l
...

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5.2 United States Federal Regulations 21CFR 176.170 (d)(3), 21CFR 177.1330 (e)(4), 21CFR 177.1360 (b), 21CFR 177.1670 (b), and 21CFR Appendix VI (b) cite this standard practice as the basis for determining the amount of extractables from the surface of a package or multilayer film or modified paper in contact with food. In some cases, it is the only practice defined for this purpose. No alternative detail is given in the regulations for conducting extractions.  
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1.6 This test method does not address the determination of total retained solvents in a packaging material. Techniques such as multiple headspace extraction can be employed to this end. The analyst is referred to the manual supplied with the GC-Autosampling system for guidance.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM F119-82(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Rate of Grease Penetration of Flexible Barrier Materials (Rapid Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is valuable in the development and selection of flexible barrier materials suited for use as grease barriers.  
4.2 The test is rapid in comparison with other methods because of the extremely small quantity of oil required for detection (about 6 μg). The actual time to failure is a multiple of the values obtained by this test method. When permeation is through an absorbent structure such as kraft paper coated with polyethylene, the failure times will be longer and variable, depending on the variation in porosity and thickness of the structure.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides standard conditions for determining the rate of grease penetration of flexible barrier materials. Pinholes, which can be measured by a separate test, will increase the rate of grease penetration as determined by this test method.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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