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ASTM E110-82(2002)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Metallic Materials by Portable Hardness Testers

Standard Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Metallic Materials by Portable Hardness Testers

ABSTRACT
This test method establishes the standard procedures, including the calibration, precision and bias of the apparatus used, for the determination of indentation hardness of metallic materials by means of portable hardness testers.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the indentation hardness of metallic materials by means of portable hardness testers.  
1.2 This test method applies only to those portable hardness testers which apply the same nominal loads and use the same indenters as are used in the methods listed in Section 2.  
1.3  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Dec-2002
ICS
77.040.10 - Mechanical testing of metals
Technical Committee
E28 - Mechanical Testing
Drafting Committee
E28.06 - Indentation Hardness Testing
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E110-82(1997)e2 - Standard Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Metallic Materials by Portable Hardness Testers
Effective Date
10-Dec-2002
Replaced By
ASTM E110-10 - Standard Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Metallic Materials by Portable Hardness Testers
Effective Date
01-Jan-2010
Referred By
ASTM A671/A671M-20 - Standard Specification for Electric-Fusion-Welded Steel Pipe for Atmospheric and Lower Temperatures
Effective Date
10-Dec-2002
Referred By
ASTM E10-23 - Standard Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials
Effective Date
10-Dec-2002
Referred By
ASTM A1058-19 - Standard Test Methods for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products—Metric
Effective Date
10-Dec-2002
Referred By
ASTM A672/A672M-19 - Standard Specification for Electric-Fusion-Welded Steel Pipe for High-Pressure Service at Moderate Temperatures
Effective Date
10-Dec-2002
Referred By
ASTM E18-22 - Standard Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Materials
Effective Date
10-Dec-2002
Referred By
ASTM A1099/A1099M-20 - Standard Specification for Modified Alloy Steel Forgings, Forged Bar, and Rolled Bar Commonly Used in Oil and Gas Pressure Vessels
Effective Date
10-Dec-2002
Referred By
ASTM E3246-22 - Standard Test Methods for Differential Indentation Depth Hardness of Metallic Materials
Effective Date
10-Dec-2002
Referred By
ASTM A370-23 - Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products
Effective Date
10-Dec-2002

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ASTM E110-82(2002) - Standard Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Metallic Materials by Portable Hardness TestersASTM E110-82(2002) - Standard Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Metallic Materials by Portable Hardness Testers
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ASTM E110-82(2002) - Standard Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Metallic Materials by Portable Hardness Testers
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Standards Content (Sample)


NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation:E110–82 (Reapproved 2002)
Standard Test Method for
Indentation Hardness of Metallic Materials by Portable
Hardness Testers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E110; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
hardness testers of the types covered in this method do not employ dead
1. Scope
weights to fix the indenting forces. This imposes certain limitations and
1.1 Thistestmethodcoversdeterminationoftheindentation
necessitatescertainprecautions,whicharesetforthinthistestmethod.All
hardness of metallic materials by means of portable hardness
requirements of the standard methods except those modified by the
testers.
following sections shall apply to the use of portable hardness testers.
1.2 This test method applies only to those portable hardness
3. Apparatus
testers which apply the same nominal forces and use the same
indenters as are used in the methods listed in Section 2. 3.1 Portable hardness testers are used principally for testing
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
articles that are too large or unwieldy to be tested in the usual
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the types of testing machines, for testing parts of fixed structures,
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
or for testing under any conditions which require that the
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- indenting force be applied in a direction other than vertical. In
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
order that they may be portable and also in order that the
indenting forces may be applied in any direction, these testers
2. Referenced Documents
are designed in such a way that dead weights are not used in
2.1 ASTM Standards:
applying or limiting the indenting force.
E10 Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials
3.2 The indenting force may be applied by means of a
E18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Ma-
hydraulic cylinder with a pressure gage to indicate the magni-
terials
tude of the force. The hydraulic cylinder may also be equipped
E92 Test Method for Vickers Hardness of Metallic Materi-
with a spring-forceed relief valve to fix the magnitude of the
als
force. Alternatively the indenting force may be applied by
E140 Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals Relationship
means of a screw through a calibrated spring with a dial gage
Among Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, Rockwell
or other means of measuring the deflection of the spring to
Hardness, Superficial Hardness, Knoop Hardness, and
indicate the magnitude of the force.
Scleroscope Hardness
3.3 Portable hardness testers are generally provided with
various means of holding the indenter in contact with the
NOTE 1—TestMethodsE10,E18,andE92willbereferredtointhistest
surface to be tested. The testers may be clamped to the object
method as the “standard methods.”
to be tested, attached to an adjacent fixed object or attached to
NOTE 2—The standard methods of making the three hardness tests do
not preclude the use of portable hardness testers. However, the machines the surface to be tested by a magnet. For testing inside a cavity
usually used, and considered preferable for these tests, are generally
the tester may be placed against one wall of the cavity to make
designed so that the magnitude of the indenting force is fixed by dead
a test on the opposite wall.
weightsactingonasmallpistonconnectedtoahydraulicloadingcylinder,
or by dead weights acting through a multiple lever system. Portable
4. Procedure
4.1 Whatever means is used to hold the tester to the piece
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on beingtested,makesurethatthereisnorelativemotionbetween
Mechanical Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.06 on
the tester and the piece when the force is applied. This is
Indentation Hardness Testing.
particularly true for the portable Rockwell type tester. Mount
Current edition approved Dec. 10, 2002. Published April 2003. Originally
´2
the tester in such a position that the axis of the indenter is
approved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as E110– 82 (1997) .
DOI: 10.1520/E0110-82R02.
normal to the surface to be tested.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
4.2 Application of Force, Portable Brinell Test—Portable
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Brinell testers generally apply the force by means of a
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. hydraulic cylinder equipped with both a pressure gage and a
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United State
...

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4.1 Vickers and Knoop hardness tests have been found to be very useful for materials evaluation, quality control of manufacturing processes and research and development efforts. Hardness, although empirical in nature, can be correlated to tensile strength for many metals, and is an indicator of wear resistance and ductility.  
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1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the Vickers hardness and Knoop hardness of metallic materials by the Vickers and Knoop indentation hardness principles. This standard provides the requirements for Vickers and Knoop hardness machines and the procedures for performing Vickers and Knoop hardness tests.  
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ASTM E110-14(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Rockwell and Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials by Portable Hardness Testers

ABSTRACT
This test method establishes the standard procedures, including the calibration, precision and bias of the apparatus used, for the determination of indentation hardness of metallic materials by means of portable hardness testers.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Portable hardness testers are used for testing materials that because of their size, location or other requirements such as test point are unable to be tested using traditional fixed instruments.  
3.2 Portable hardness testers, by their nature, induce variation that could influence the test results; therefore, hardness measurements made in accordance with this test method are not considered to meet the requirements of E10 or E18. The user should compare the results of the precision and bias studies in E110, E10 and E18 to understand the differences in results expected between portable and fixed instruments.  
3.3 Two test parameters that can significantly influence the measurement accuracy when using portable hardness testers are the alignment of the indenter to the test surface and the timing of the test forces. The user is cautioned to do everything possible to keep the centerline of the indenter perpendicular to the test surface and to apply the test forces using the same time cycle as defined in Test Method E10 or Test Methods E18.  
3.4 Portable hardness testers are delicate instruments that are subject to damage when they are moved from one test site to another. Therefore, repeating the daily verification process during the testing sequence is recommended to insure that they are working properly.  
3.5 Hardness testing at a specific location on a part may not represent the physical characteristics of the whole part or end product.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method defines the requirements for portable instruments that are intended to be used to measure the Rockwell or Brinell hardness of metallic materials by performing indentation tests on the surface of materials in the field or outside of a test lab, or in cases where the size or weight of the test piece prevents it from being tested on a standard E10 or E18 hardness tester.  
1.2 The principles used to measure the Rockwell or Brinell hardness are the same as those defined in the E18 standard test method for Rockwell or E10 standard test method for Brinell.  
Note 1: Standard test methods E10 and E18 will be referred to in this test method as the standard methods.  
1.3 The portable hardness testers covered by this test method are verified only by the indirect verification method. Although the portable hardness testers are designed to employ the same test conditions as those defined in the standard test methods, the forces applied by the portable Rockwell and Brinell testers and the depth measuring systems of the portable Rockwell testers may not meet the tolerance requirements of the standard methods. Portable hardness testers shall use indenters that meet the requirements of the standard test methods.  
1.4 This test method does not apply to portable hardness testers that measure hardness by a means or procedure that is different than those defined in E10 or E18 For example, this test method does not apply to the methods defined in ASTM standard Practice A833, Test Methods A956 and A1038 or B647.  
1.5 A report section is included to define how to indicate that the test result was obtained by using a portable device that conforms to this document.  
1.6 Annex A1 is included that defines the periodic indirect verification and daily verification requirements for these instruments.  
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Standard Test Methods for Bend Testing of Material for Ductility

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Bend tests for ductility provide a simple way to evaluate the quality of materials by their ability to resist cracking or other surface irregularities during one continuous bend. No reversal of the bend force shall be employed when conducting these tests.  
5.2 The type of bend test used determines the location of the forces and constraints on the bent portion of the specimen, ranging from no direct contact to continuous contact.  
5.3 The test can terminate at a given angle of bend over a specified radius of bend or continue until the specimen legs are in contact. The angle of bend can be measured while the specimen is under the bending force (usually when the semi-guided bend test is employed), or after removal of the force as when performing a free-bend test. Product requirements for the material being tested determine the method used.  
5.4 Materials with an as-fabricated cross section of rectangular, round, hexagonal, or similar defined shape can be tested in full section to evaluate their bend properties by using the procedures outlined in these test methods, in which case relative width and thickness requirements do not apply.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover bend testing for ductility of materials. Included in the procedures are four conditions of constraint on the bent portion of the specimen; a guided-bend test using a mandrel or plunger of defined dimensions to force the mid-length of the specimen between two supports separated by a defined space; a semi-guided bend test in which the specimen is bent, while in contact with a mandrel, through a specified angle of bend or to a specified inside radius of bend (r) measured while under the bending force; a free-bend test in which the ends of the specimen are brought toward each other, but in which no transverse force is applied to the bend itself and there is no contact of the concave inside surface of the bend with other material; a bend-and-flatten test, in which a transverse force is applied to the bend such that the legs make contact with each other over the length of the specimen.  
1.2 After bending, the convex surface of the bend is examined for evidence of a crack or surface irregularities. If the specimen fractures, the material has failed the test. When complete fracture does not occur, the criterion for failure is the number and size of cracks or surface irregularities visible to the unaided eye occurring on the convex surface of the specimen after bending, as specified by the product specification. Any cracks within one thickness of the edge of the specimen are not considered a bend test failure. Cracks occurring in the corners of the bent portion shall not be considered significant unless they exceed the size specified for corner cracks in the product specification.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Inch-pound values given in parentheses were used in establishing test parameters and are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E18-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The Rockwell hardness test is an empirical indentation hardness test that can provide useful information about metallic materials. This information may correlate to tensile strength, wear resistance, ductility, and other physical characteristics of metallic materials, and may be useful in quality control and selection of materials.  
4.2 Rockwell hardness tests are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, and have been used extensively in industry for this purpose.  
4.3 Rockwell hardness testing at a specific location on a part may not represent the physical characteristics of the whole part or end product.  
4.4 Adherence to this standard test method provides traceability to national Rockwell hardness standards except as stated otherwise.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the Rockwell hardness and the Rockwell superficial hardness of metallic materials by the Rockwell indentation hardness principle. This standard provides the requirements for Rockwell hardness machines and the procedures for performing Rockwell hardness tests.  
1.2 This test method includes requirements for the use of portable Rockwell hardness testing machines that measure Rockwell hardness by the Rockwell hardness test principle and can meet all the requirements of this test method, including the direct and indirect verifications of the testing machine. Portable Rockwell hardness testing machines that cannot meet the direct verification requirements and can only be verified by indirect verification requirements are covered in Test Method E110.  
1.3 This standard includes additional requirements in the following annexes:    
Verification of Rockwell Hardness Testing Machines  
Annex A1  
Rockwell Hardness Standardizing Machines  
Annex A2  
Standardization of Rockwell Indenters  
Annex A3  
Standardization of Rockwell Hardness Test Blocks  
Annex A4  
Guidelines for Determining the Minimum Thickness of a
Test Piece  
Annex A5  
Hardness Value Corrections When Testing on Convex
Cylindrical Surfaces  
Annex A6  
1.4 This standard includes nonmandatory information in the following appendixes that relates to the Rockwell hardness test.    
List of ASTM Standards Giving Hardness Values Corresponding
to Tensile Strength  
Appendix X1  
Examples of Procedures for Determining Rockwell
Hardness Uncertainty  
Appendix X2  
1.5 Units—At the time the Rockwell hardness test was developed, the force levels were specified in units of kilograms-force (kgf) and the indenter ball diameters were specified in units of inches (in.). This standard specifies the units of force and length in the International System of Units (SI); that is, force in Newtons (N) and length in millimeters (mm). However, because of the historical precedent and continued common usage, force values in kgf units and ball diameters in inch units are provided for information and much of the discussion in this standard refers to these units.  
1.6 The test principles, testing procedures, and verification procedures are essentially identical for both the Rockwell and Rockwell superficial hardness tests. The significant differences between the two tests are that the test forces are smaller for the Rockwell superficial test than for the Rockwell test. The same type and size indenters may be used for either test, depending on the scale being employed. Accordingly, throughout this standard, the term Rockwell will imply both Rockwell and Rockwell superficial unless stated otherwise.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized p...

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ASTM
ASTM E3246-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Differential Indentation Depth Hardness of Metallic Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The Differential Indentation Depth hardness test is an empirical indentation hardness test that can provide useful information about metallic materials. This information can correlate to tensile strength, wear resistance, ductility, and other physical characteristics of metallic materials, and can be useful in quality control and selection of materials.  
4.2 Differential Indentation Depth hardness tests are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, and have been used in industry for this purpose.  
4.3 Differential Indentation Depth hardness testing at a specific location on a part might not represent the physical characteristics of the whole part or end product. Machines that comply with this Standard are used when machines that comply with the regular hardness standards such as Test Methods E10, E18, E92, and E384 cannot be used. Test results obtained with these machines are comparable BUT NOT EQUIVALENT to those obtained with machines that comply with the above mentioned standards.  
4.4 Differential Indentation Depth hardness testing machines covered by this standard do not comply with Test Methods E10, E18, E92, or E110.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the Differential Indentation Depth hardness of metallic materials by the Differential Indentation Depth hardness principle. This standard provides the requirements for Differential Indentation Depth hardness testing machines and the procedures for performing Differential Indentation Depth hardness tests.  
1.2 This standard includes additional requirements in annexes:    
Verification of Differential Indentation Depth Hardness Testing Machines  
Annex A1  
Guidelines for Determining the Minimum Thickness of a Test Piece  
Annex A2  
1.3 This standard includes non-mandatory information in appendixes which relates to the Differential Indentation Depth hardness test.    
List of ASTM Standards Giving Hardness Numbers Corresponding to Tensile Strength  
Appendix X1  
Examples of Procedures for Determining Differential Indentation Depth Hardness Uncertainty  
Appendix X2  
Examples of Indenters Used in Differential Indentation Depth Machines  
Appendix X3  
1.4 Units—This standard specifies the units of force and length in the International System of Units (SI); that is, force in Newtons (N) and length in micrometers (µm). However, because of continued common usage, values are provided in other units of measure for information.  
1.5 The test principles, testing procedures, and verification procedures are essentially identical for all the Differential Indentation Depth hardness testing instruments. The testing instruments may use different test forces and indenter shapes. The type and size of the indenters are matched to the design of the instrument by the manufacturer. Accordingly, the indenters, probes and other instrument components are generally not interchangeable among manufacturers.  
1.6 The hardness number reported by these instruments are based on direct correlations to existing hardness scales as determined by each manufacturer for each instrument and hardness scale. Unless otherwise noted on the instrument or in the operating manual for the instrument, the hardness numbers reported by the instrument are only applicable to non-austenitic steels. See 5.6.1 for additional information.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organizati...

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