ASTM E1059-91(2001)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Designating Shapes and Sizes of Nongraphite Counter Electrodes
Standard Practice for Designating Shapes and Sizes of Nongraphite Counter Electrodes
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a number of specific nongraphite counter electrode shapes and sizes that are useful in spectrochemical analysis.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:E1059 – 91(Reapproved 2001)
Standard Practice for
Designating Shapes and Sizes of Nongraphite Counter
Electrodes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1059; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 4. Significance and Use
1.1 This practice describes a number of specific nongraphite 4.1 This practice is intended as a reference for spectro-
counter electrode shapes and sizes that are useful in spectro- chemical methods that utilize nongraphite electrodes. One of
chemical analysis. the electrode shapes in this practice should be employed and
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the referenced in a method. If this is not possible, the method
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the should include the specifications for the electrode used.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 4.2 This practice should be referenced in a method by
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- including a statement such as the following in the section on
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Reagents and Materials:
Counter Electrode—The electrode shall conform toType
2. Terminology
(insert the Type designation from this practice) as shown in
2.1 Definition: Practice E 1059.
2.1.1 counter electrode—the electrode, in any analytical
5. Materials and Dimensions
pair, that is used opposite to the self-electrode or supporting
electrode and that is not composed of the specimen to be 5.1 The materials and dimensions of the counter electrodes
analyzed. are given in Fig. 1, along with the tolerances where applicable.
5.1.1 The composition of these electrodes, if they have been
3. Summary of Practice
established, are given in Fig. 1.
3.1 The practice designates nongraphite counter electrodes
6. Keywords
and provides dimensional specifications.
6.1 counter electrodes; electrodes
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E01 on Analytical
Chemistry for Metals, Ores and Related Materials and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee E01.20 on Fundamental Practices.
Current edition approved Sept. 15, 1991. Published November 1991. Originally
publi
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4.1 Water can cause the degradation of coatings, so knowledge of how a coating resists water is helpful in predicting its service life. Failure in water fog tests may be caused by a number of factors, including a deficiency in the coating itself, contamination of the substrate, or inadequate surface preparation. The test is therefore useful for evaluating coatings alone or complete coating systems.
4.2 Water fog tests are used for research and development of coatings and substrate treatments, specification acceptance, and quality control in manufacturing. These tests usually result in a pass or fail determination, but the degree of failure may also be measured. A coating system is considered to pass if there is no evidence of water-related failure after a specified period of time.
4.3 Results obtained from the use of water fog tests in accordance with this practice should not be represented as being equivalent to a period of exposure to water in the natural environment, until the degree of quantitative correlation has been established for the coating or coating system.
4.4 The test apparatus is similar to that used in Practice B117, and the conversion of the apparatus from salt spray to water fog testing is feasible. Care should be taken to remove all traces of the salt from the cabinet and reservoir when converting from salt spray to water fog testing.
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1.1 This practice covers the basic principles and operating procedures for testing water resistance of coatings in an apparatus similar to that used for salt spray testing.
1.2 This practice is limited to the methods of obtaining, measuring, and controlling the conditions and procedures of water fog tests. It does not specify specimen preparation, specific test conditions, or evaluation of results.
Note 1: Alternative practices for testing the water resistance of coatings include Practices D870, D2247, and D4585.
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4.1 A coating/lining is applied to a metallic substrate to prevent corrosion or reduce product contamination, or both. The degree of coating continuity required is dictated by service conditions. Discontinuities in a coating/lining are frequently very minute and may not be readily visible. This practice provides a procedure for electrical detection of discontinuities in nonconductive coating systems.
4.2 Electrical testing to determine the presence and number of discontinuities in a coating/lining is performed on a nonconductive coating/lining applied to an electrically conductive surface. The allowable number of discontinuities should be determined prior to conducting this test since the acceptable quantity of discontinuities will vary depending on film thickness, design, and service conditions.
4.3 The low voltage wet sponge test equipment is generally used for detecting discontinuities in coatings/linings having a total thickness of 0.5 mm (20 mil) or less. High voltage spark test equipment is generally used for detecting discontinuities in coatings/linings having a total thickness of greater than 0.5 mm (20 mil).
4.3.1 Coatings/linings less than 0.5 mm (20 mil) in thickness may be susceptible to damage if tested with high voltage spark testing equipment. However, coatings/linings greater than 0.25 mm (10 mil) and less than 0.5 mm (20 mil) may be tested with high voltage spark test equipment provided the voltage is calculated and set correctly, and the coating manufacturer approves its use.
4.4 To prevent damage to a coating film when using high voltage test instrumentation, total film thickness and dielectric strength in a coating system shall be considered in determining the appropriate voltage for detection of discontinuities. Atmospheric conditions shall also be considered since the voltage required for the spark to gap a given distance in air varies with the conductivity of the air at the time the test is conducted. Table X1.1 in Appendix X1 cont...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for determining discontinuities using two types of test equipment:
1.1.1 Test Method A—Low Voltage Wet Sponge, and
1.1.2 Test Method B—High Voltage Spark Testers.
1.2 This practice addresses metallic substrates. For concrete surfaces, refer to Practice D4787.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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4.1 TSCs are susceptible to the formation of porosity due to a lack of fusion between sprayed particles or the expansion of gases generated during the spraying process. The determination of area percent porosity is important in order to monitor the effect of variable spray parameters and the suitability of a coating for its intended purpose. Depending on application, some or none of this porosity may be tolerable.
4.2 These test methods cover the determination of the area percentage porosity of TSCs. Method A is a manual, direct comparison method utilizing the seven standard images in Figs. 1-7 which depict typical distributions of porosity in TSCs. Method B is an automated technique requiring the use of a computerized image analyzer.
FIG. 1 — 0.5 % Porosity
FIG. 2 — 1.0 % Porosity
FIG. 3 — 2.0 % Porosity
FIG. 4 — 5.0 % Porosity
FIG. 5 — 8.0 % Porosity
FIG. 6 — 10.0 % Porosity
FIG. 7 — 15.0 % Porosity
4.3 These methods quantify area percent porosity only on the basis of light reflectivity from a metallographically polished cross section. See Guide E1920 for recommended metallographic preparation procedures.
4.4 The person using these test methods must be familiar with the visual features of TSCs and be able to determine differences between inherent porosity and oxides. The individual must be aware of the possible types of artifacts that may be created during sectioning and specimen preparation, for example, pullouts and smearing, so that results are reported only on properly prepared specimens. Examples of properly prepared specimens are shown in Figs. 8-10. If there are doubts as to the integrity of the specimen preparation it is suggested that other means be used to confirm microstructural features. This may include energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), wavelength dispersive spectroscopy (WDS) or cryogenic fracture of the coating followed by analysis of the fractured surfaces with a scanning electron microscope (SEM).
FIG. 8 Ni/Al T...
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1.1 These test methods cover procedures to perform porosity ratings on metallographic specimens of thermal sprayed coatings (TSCs) prepared in accordance with Guide E1920 by direct comparison to standard images and via the use of automatic image analysis equipment.
1.2 These test methods deal only with recommended measuring methods and nothing in them should be construed as defining or establishing limits of acceptability for any measured value of porosity.
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