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ASTM D4646-87(2001)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for 24-h Batch-Type Measurement of Contaminant Sorption by Soils and Sediments

Standard Test Method for 24-h Batch-Type Measurement of Contaminant Sorption by Soils and Sediments

SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for determining the sorption affinity of waste solutes by unconsolidated geologic material in aqueous suspension. The waste solute may be derived from a variety of sources such as wells, underdrain systems, or laboratory solutions such as those produced by waste extraction tests like the Method D3987 shake extraction method.  
1.2 This test method is applicable in screening and providing relative rankings of a large number of geomedia samples for their sorption affinity in aqueous leachate/geomedia suspensions. This test method may not exactly simulate sorption characteristics that would occur in unperturbed geologic settings.  
1.3 While this procedure may be applicable to both organic and inorganic constituents, care must be taken with respect to the stability of the particular constituents and their possible losses from solution by such processes as degradation by microbes, light, or hydrolysis. This test method should not be used for volatile chemical constituents (see 6.1).  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-2000
ICS
13.080.05 - Examination of soils in general
Technical Committee
D34 - Waste Management
Drafting Committee
D34.01.06 - Analytical Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D4646-87(1993) - Standard Test Method for 24-h Batch-Type Measurement of Contaminant Sorption by Soils and Sediments
Effective Date
01-Jan-2001
Replaced By
ASTM D4646-03 - Standard Test Method for 24-h Batch-Type Measurement of Contaminant Sorption by Soils and Sediments
Effective Date
01-Nov-2003
Referred By
ASTM D5681-22e1 - Standard Terminology for Waste and Waste Management
Effective Date
01-Jan-2001

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ASTM D4646-87(2001) - Standard Test Method for 24-h Batch-Type Measurement of Contaminant Sorption by Soils and SedimentsASTM D4646-87(2001) - Standard Test Method for 24-h Batch-Type Measurement of Contaminant Sorption by Soils and Sediments
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ASTM D4646-87(2001) - Standard Test Method for 24-h Batch-Type Measurement of Contaminant Sorption by Soils and Sediments
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D 4646 – 87 (Reapproved 2001)
Standard Test Method for
24-h Batch-Type Measurement of Contaminant Sorption by
1
Soils and Sediments
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4646; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
3
1. Scope Term Batch Method
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for determining
3. Terminology
the sorption affinity of waste solutes by unconsolidated geo-
3.1 Definitions—For definition of terms used in this test
logic material in aqueous suspension. The waste solute may be
method refer to Terminology D 1129.
derived from a variety of sources such as wells, underdrain
3.1.1 solute—chemical species (for example, ion, molecule,
systems, or laboratory solutions such as those produced by
etc.) in solution.
waste extraction tests like the Method D 3987 shake extraction
3.1.2 sorbate—chemical species sorbed by a sorbent.
method.
3.1.3 sorbent—a substance that sorbs the solute from solu-
1.2 This test method is applicable in screening and provid-
tion (for example, soil, sediment, till, etc.).
ing relative rankings of a large number of geomedia samples
3.1.4 sorption—depletion of an amount of solute initially
for their sorption affinity in aqueous leachate/geomedia sus-
present in solution by a sorbent.
pensions. This test method may not exactly simulate sorption
3.1.5 sorption affınity—the relative degree of sorption that
characteristics that would occur in unperturbed geologic set-
occurs by a geomedia.
tings.
3.1.6 unconsolidated geologic material (geomedia)—a
1.3 While this procedure may be applicable to both organic
loosely aggregated solid natural material of geologic origin (for
and inorganic constituents, care must be taken with respect to
example, soil, sediment, till, etc.).
the stability of the particular constituents and their possible
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
losses from solution by such processes as degradation by
3.2.1 distribution coeffıcient, K —is defined identically to
d
microbes, light, or hydrolysis. This test method should not be
R , except it is considered to be an equilibrium value and
d
used for volatile chemical constituents (see 6.1).
independent of the concentration of solute (that is, linear
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
sorption curve).
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2.2 distribution ratio (R )—the ratio of the concentration
d
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
of solute sorbed on the soil or other geomedia divided by its
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
concentration in solution. A 24-h R is the analogous ratio
d
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
evaluated after 24 h of contact of the solute with the geomedia.
2. Referenced Documents The R value is calculated as follows:
d
2.1 ASTM Standards: ~mass of solute sorbed per unit mass of geomedia!
R 5
2
d
D 1129 Terminology Relating to Water mass of solute in solution per unit volume of solution!
~
2
μg/g
D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water
5
μg/mL
D 2216 Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Water
3 mL
(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock
5 (1)
g
D 3987 Test Method for Shake Extraction of Solid Waste
4
The dimensions of R reduce to units of volume per mass. It
with Water
d
is convenient to express R in units of millilitres (or cubic
D 4319 Test Method for Distribution Ratios by the Short-
d
centimetres) of solution per gram of geomedia. Dissimilar R
d
values may be obtained if different initial solute concentrations
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste are used, depending on the sorption behavior of the solute and
Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.06 on
the properties of the geomedia (that is, nonlinear sorption
Analytical Methods.
curve). This concentration dependency may be absent where
Current edition approved March 3, 1987. Published April 1987. Originally
the solute concentrations are sufficiently low or the character-
published as ES 10 – 85. Last previous edition ES 10 – 85.
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.
istics of the particular solute-sorbent combination yield R
d
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08.
values that are independent of the concentration of solute (that
4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.04.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
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Standard Test Method for 24 h Batch-Type Measurement of Contaminant Sorption by Soils and Sediments

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is meant to allow for a rapid (24 h) index of a geomedia's sorption affinity for given solutes in environmental waters or leachates. A large number of samples may be run in parallel using this test method to determine a comparative ranking of those samples, based upon the amount of solute sorbed by the geomedia, or by various geomedia or leachate constituents. The 24 h time is used to make the test convenient and also to minimize microbial, light, or hydrolytic degradation which may be a problem in longer timed procedures. While Kd values are directly applicable for screening and comparative ranking purposes, their use in predictive field applications generally requires the assumption that Kd be a fixed value.  
5.2 While this test method may be useful in determining 24 h Kd values for nonvolatile organic constituents, interlaboratory testing has been carried out only for the nonvolatile inorganic species arsenic and cadmium (see Section 12). However, the procedure has been tested for single-laboratory precision with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and is believed to be useful for all stable and nonvolatile inorganic and organic constituents. This test method is not considered appropriate for volatile constituents.  
5.3 The 24 h time limit may be sufficient to reach a steady-state Kd; however, the calculated Kd value should be considered a non-equilibrium measurement unless steady-state has been determined. To report this determination as a steady-state Kd, this test method should be conducted for intermediate times (for example, 12, 18, and 22 h) to ensure that the soluble concentrations in the solution have reached a steady state by 24 h. If a test duration of greater than 24 h is required, refer to Test Method D4319 for an alternate procedure of longer duration.
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1.1 This test method describes a procedure for determining the sorption affinity of waste solutes by unconsolidated geologic material in aqueous suspension. The waste solute may be derived from a variety of sources such as wells, underdrain systems, or laboratory solutions such as those produced by waste extraction tests like the Practice D3987 shake extraction method.  
1.2 This test method is applicable in screening and providing relative rankings of a large number of geomedia samples for their sorption affinity in aqueous leachate/geomedia suspensions. This test method may not simulate sorption characteristics that would occur in unperturbed geologic settings.  
1.3 While this procedure may be applicable to both organic and inorganic constituents, care must be taken with respect to the stability of the particular constituents and their possible losses from solution by such processes as degradation by microbes, light, hydrolysis, or sorption to material surfaces. This test method should not be used for volatile chemical constituents (see 6.1).  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM D6907-22(Practice)
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5.1 Bucket augers (Fig. 1) are relatively inexpensive, readily available, available in different types depending on the media to be sampled, and most can be easily operated by one person. They collect a reasonably cylindrical but disturbed sample of surface or subsurface soil or waste. They are generally not suited for sampling gravelly or coarser soil and are unsuitable for sampling rock. There are other designs of hand augers, such as the Edelman auger, used to retrieve difficult materials such as waste, sands, peat, and mud.
FIG. 1 Bucket Auger  
5.2 Bucket augers are commonly used equipment because they are inexpensive to operate, especially compared to powered equipment (that is, direct push and drill rigs). When evaluated against screw augers (Guide D4700), bucket augers generally collect larger samples with less chance of mixing with soil from shallow depths because the sample is retained within the auger bucket. Bucket augers are commonly used to depths of 3 m but have been used to much greater depths depending upon the soil or waste characteristics. In general, bucket augers can maintain open holes in unsaturated soils and saturated clay soils below the water table. Saturated sands will cave below the water table and perched zones and cohesionless dry sands may also cave. The sampling depth is limited by the force required to rotate the auger and the depth at which the bore hole collapses (unless bore casings or liners are used).  
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5.4 If VOC analysis is required, the bucket auger is used to reach the desired sample depth, a planer auger can be used to clean the base of the hole, and a hammered drive tube sampler (Fig. 2) can be used at the bottom of the hole. Drive ...
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1.1 This practice describes the procedures and equipment used to collect surface and subsurface soil and contaminated media samples for chemical analysis using a hand-operated bucket auger (sometimes referred to as a barrel auger). Several types of bucket augers exist and are designed for sampling various types of soil. All bucket augers collect disturbed samples. Bucket augers can also be used to auger to the desired sampling depth and then, using a core-type sampler, collect a relatively undisturbed sample suitable for chemical analysis.  
1.2 This practice does not cover the use of large 300 mm or greater diameter bucket augers mechanically operated by large drill rigs or similar equipment, such as those described in Practice D1452/D1452M, paragraph 5.2.4. Practice D1452/D1452M on auger borings refers to this hand auger included in Practice D6907 as a barrel auger.  
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5.1 Elemental species such as Cr, Ni, As, Cd, Hg, and Pb are widely used in many industrial processes. These elements have been identified in many former industrial sites driving the need for a quick, easy method for testing on-site at trace levels in soil and solid waste matrices.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is meant to allow for a rapid (24 h) index of a geomedia's sorption affinity for given solutes in environmental waters or leachates. A large number of samples may be run in parallel using this test method to determine a comparative ranking of those samples, based upon the amount of solute sorbed by the geomedia, or by various geomedia or leachate constituents. The 24 h time is used to make the test convenient and also to minimize microbial, light, or hydrolytic degradation which may be a problem in longer timed procedures. While Kd values are directly applicable for screening and comparative ranking purposes, their use in predictive field applications generally requires the assumption that Kd be a fixed value.  
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5.1 Several different factors should be taken into consideration when evaluating methane hazard, rather than, for example, use of a single concentration-based screening level as a de-facto hazard assessment level. Key variables are identified and briefly discussed in this section. Legal background information is provided in Appendix X3. The Bibliography includes references where more detailed information can be found on the effect of various parameters on gas concentrations.  
5.2 Application—This guide is intended for use by those undertaking an assessment of hazards to people and property as a result of subsurface methane suspected to be present based on due diligence or other site evaluations (see 6.1.1).  
5.2.1 This guide addresses shallow methane, including its presence in the vadose zone; at residential, commercial, and industrial sites with existing construction; or where development is proposed.  
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5.3.1 Decisions are based on reducing the actual risk of adverse impacts to people and property.  
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SCOPE
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4.3.2 During active remediation (as performance/optimization metric); and  
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SCOPE
1.1 This is a guide for determining the appropriate method or combination of methods for the estimation of natural attenuation or depletion rates at sites with non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) contamination in the subsurface. This guide builds on a number of existing guidance documents worldwide and incorporates the advances in methods for estimating the natural attenuation rates.  
1.2 The guide is focused on hydrocarbon chemicals of concern (COCs) that include petroleum hydrocarbons derived from crude oil (for example, motor fuels, jet oils, lubricants, petroleum solvents, and used oils) and other hydrocarbon NAPLs (for example, creosote and coal tars). While much of what is discussed may be relevant to other organic chemicals, the applicability of the standard to other NAPLs, like chlorinated solvents or polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), is not included in this guide.  
1.3 This guide is intended to evaluate the role of NAPL natural attenuation towards reaching the remedial objectives and/or performance goals at a specific site; and the selection of an appropriate remedy, including remediation through monitoring of natural or enhanced attenuation, or the remedy transition to natural mechanisms. While the evaluation can support some aspects of site characterization, the development of the conceptual site model and risk assessment, it is not intended to replace risk assessment and mitigation, such as addressing potential impact to human health or environment, or need for source control.  
1.4 Estimation of NAPL natural attenuation rates in the subsurface relies on indirect measurements of environmental indicators and their variation in time and space. Available methods described in this standard are based on evaluation of biogeochemical reactions and physical transport processes combined with data analysis to infer and quantify the natural attenuation rates for NAPL present in the vadose and/or saturated zones.  
1.5...

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ASTM
ASTM D7521-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Asbestos in Soil

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This analysis method is used for the testing of soil samples for asbestos. The emphasis is on detection and analysis of sieved particles for asbestos in the soil. Debris identifiable as bulk building material that is readily separable from the soil is to be analyzed and reported separately.  
5.2 The coarse fraction of the sample (>2 mm to  
5.3 This test method does not describe procedures or techniques required to evaluate the safety or habitability of buildings or outdoor areas potentially contaminated with asbestos-containing materials or compliance with federal, state, or local regulations or statutes. It is the investigator's responsibility to make these determinations.  
5.4 Whereas this test method produces results that may be used for evaluation of sites contaminated by construction, mine, and manufacturing wastes; deposits of natural occurrences of asbestos; and other sources of interest to the investigator, the application of the results to such evaluations and the conclusions drawn there from, including any assessment of risk or liability, is beyond the scope of this test method and is the responsibility of the investigator.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure to: (1) identify asbestos in soil, (2) provide an estimate of the concentration of asbestos in the sampled soil (dried), and (3) optionally to provide a concentration of asbestos reported as the number of asbestos structures per gram of sample.  
1.2 In this test method, results are produced that may be used for evaluation of sites contaminated by construction, mine and manufacturing wastes, deposits of natural occurrences of asbestos (NOA), and other sources of interest to the investigator.  
1.3 This test method describes the gravimetric, sieve, and other laboratory procedures for preparing the soil for analysis as well as the identification and quantification of any asbestos detected. Pieces of collected soil and material embedded therein that pass through a 19-mm sieve will become part of the sample that is analyzed and for which results are reported.  
1.3.1 Asbestos is identified and quantified by polarized light microscopy (PLM) techniques including analysis of morphology and optical properties. Optional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) identification and quantification of asbestos is based on morphology, selected area electron diffraction (SAED), and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA). Some information about fiber size may also be determined. The PLM and TEM methods use different definitions and size criteria for fibers and structures. Separate data sets may be produced.  
1.4 This test method has an analytical sensitivity of 0.25 % by weight with optional procedures to allow for an analytical sensitivity of 0.1 % by weight.  
1.5 This test method does not purport to address sampling strategies or variables associated with soil environments. Such considerations are the responsibility of the investigator collecting and submitting the sample. Appendix X2 covering elements of soil sampling and good field practices is attached.  
1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Other units may be cited in the method for informational purposes only.  
1.7 Hazards—Asbestos fibers are acknowledged carcinogens. Breathing asbestos fibers can result in disease of the lungs including asbestosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma. Precautions should be taken to avoid creating and breathing airborne asbestos particles when sampling and analyzing materials suspected of containing asbestos.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally ...

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ASTM
ASTM D7014-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Installation of Double-Twisted Wire Mesh Gabions and Revet Mattresses

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Gabions and Revet Mattresses, as described in Specification A975, are used to achieve soil stability and prevent soil erosion and are also used as retaining wall structures to resist movements due to gravity. Their ability to function properly depends on correct design and installation. This standard practice describes the proper installation of gabions and revet mattresses to ensure the products function as intended by the manufacturers.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers standard practice for foundation preparation, assembly, placement and filling of double-twisted wire mesh gabions and revet mattresses used for various erosion control, soil retention or freestanding structures.  
1.2 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process."  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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