ASTM D6086-09
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Carbon Black—Void Volume (VV)
Standard Test Method for Carbon Black<span class='unicode'>—</span>Void Volume (VV)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The void volume of a carbon black expressed as a function of applied pressure, VV, is a carbon black structure property. Structure is a generic term that is a function of the shape irregularity and deviation from sphericity of carbon black aggregates. The greater a carbon black resists compression by having substantial aggregate irregularity and non-sphericity, the greater the compressed volume and void volume. Also, the more that a carbon black resists compression, the greater the energy required to compress the sample per unit void volume.
Structure, traditionally measured by OAN (Test Method D 2414) and COAN (Test Method D 3493), is a property that strongly influences the physical properties developed in carbon black-elastomer compounds for use in tires, mechanical rubber goods, and other manufactured rubber products. Several studies within D24 have demonstrated that void volume data can be used to estimate OAN and COAN numbers of carbon blacks using mathematical models derived from void volume-pressure data and oil absorption data. The models may vary depending on whether dynamic or static void volume measurements are used and the number and types of carbon blacks included within a modeling data set. If necessary, OAN and COAN estimates from void volume models can also be normalized using current SRBs (as practiced in Guide D 4821). Any estimates of OAN or COAN derived from prediction models using void volume-pressure data should be labeled appropriately (that is, Test Method D 6086) to avoid confusion with OAN or COAN data obtained directly from oil absorption methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure to measure a carbon black structure property known as Void Volume. Compressed void volumes are obtained by measuring the compressed volume of a weighed sample as a function of applied pressure in a cylindrical chamber by a movable piston with a displacement transducer on the piston mechanism. A profile of void volume as a function of applied pressure provides a means to assess carbon black structure at varying levels of density and aggregate reduction.
1.2 Void volume is an important carbon black structure property that relates to the compounded physical properties for carbon black-filled elastomers including viscosity, modulus, and die swell.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:D6086–09
Standard Test Method for
1
Carbon Black—Void Volume (VV)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6086; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D 4821 Guide for Carbon Black—Validation of Test
Method Precision and Bias
1.1 Thistestmethodcoversaproceduretomeasureacarbon
black structure property known as Void Volume. Compressed
3. Terminology
void volumes are obtained by measuring the compressed
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard—Referto
volume of a weighed sample as a function of applied pressure
Sections 4 and 9 for a more complete understanding of the use
in a cylindrical chamber by a movable piston with a displace-
of these terms in this test method.
ment transducer on the piston mechanism. A profile of void
3.1.1 compressed volume (carbon black), n—the measured
volume as a function of applied pressure provides a means to
apparentvolumethataspecifiedmassofcarbonblackoccupies
assess carbon black structure at varying levels of density and
when it is contained in a specified cylindrical chamber and
aggregate reduction.
subjected to a specified applied pressure by means of a
1.2 Void volume is an important carbon black structure
movable piston.
propertythatrelatestothecompoundedphysicalpropertiesfor
3.1.2 theoretical volume (carbon black), n—thevolumethat
carbon black-filled elastomers including viscosity, modulus,
a specific mass of carbon black would occupy if there were no
and die swell.
voidspacewithinthecarbonblack,andisgivenbytheratioof
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
mass to skeletal density, where the skeletal density is deter-
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
mined by an accepted test method.
standard.
3.1.3 void volume (carbon black), n—a measure of the
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
occluded pore volume within the primary structure of carbon
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
black, characterized by the irregularity and non-sphericity of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
carbon black aggregate particles, and expressed as the differ-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
ence (compressed volume minus theoretical volume) as a
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
function of applied pressure, and normalized to 100 g mass.
2. Referenced Documents 3.1.3.1 Discussion—Carbon blacks resist packing, com-
2
pression, and fracture due to aggregate irregularities and
2.1 ASTM Standards:
entanglements, size distribution, and aggregate strength or
D1799 Practice for Carbon Black—Sampling Packaged
particle-to-particle necks within aggregate branches. Carbon
Shipments
black compressed void volume is also affected by reacting
D1900 Practice for Carbon Black—Sampling Bulk Ship-
forces to the cylinder wall and the piston tip, which in turn
ments
depend on factors including sample shape (that is, the ratio of
D2414 Test Method for Carbon Black—Oil Absorption
sample height to cylinder diameter) or interfacial area, which
Number (OAN)
can influence the uniformity of the compaction density. Since
D3493 Test Method for Carbon Black—Oil Absorption
the compressed void volumes are specific to the cylinder
Number of Compressed Sample (COAN)
geometry and possibly to the cylinder wall surface (that is,
friction effects), a measured compressed volume is not a true
compressed volume unless these factors are corrected or
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of Committee D24 on Carbon Black
sufficiently minimized.
and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D24.11 on Carbon Black
Structure.
4. Summary of Test Method
Current edition approved June 15, 2009. Published July 2009. Originally
approved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D6086–08.
4.1 Themeasuredcompressedvolume(apparentvolume)of
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
a weighed dry test sample as a function of applied pressure is
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
obtained in a void volume instrument appropriately calibrated
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. by the manufacturer or user. From the measured compressed
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
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D6086–09
volume, the measured void volume is obtained by subtracting A device to record the move
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This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D6086–08 Designation:D6086–09
Standard Test Method for
1
Carbon Black—Void Volume (VV)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6086; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 ThistestmethodcoversaproceduretomeasureacarbonblackstructurepropertyknownasVoidVolume.Compressedvoid
volumes are obtained by measuring the compressed volume of a weighed sample as a function of applied pressure in a cylindrical
chamber by a movable piston with a displacement transducer on the piston mechanism.Aprofile of void volume as a function of
applied pressure provides a means to assess carbon black structure at varying levels of density and aggregate reduction.
1.2 Void volume is an important carbon black structure property that relates to the compounded physical properties for carbon
black-filled elastomers including viscosity, modulus, and die swell.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1799 Practice for Carbon BlackSampling Packaged Shipments
D1900 Practice for Carbon BlackSampling Bulk Shipments
D2414 Test Method for Carbon BlackOil Absorption Number (OAN)
D3493 Test Method for Carbon BlackOil Absorption Number of Compressed Sample (COAN)
D4821 Guide for Carbon BlackValidation of Test Method Precision and Bias
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard—Refer to Sections 4 and 9 for a more complete understanding of the use of
these terms in this test method.
3.1.1 compressed volume (carbon black), n— the measured apparent volume that a specified mass of carbon black occupies
whenitiscontainedinaspecifiedcylindricalchamberandsubjectedtoaspecifiedappliedpressurebymeansofamovablepiston.
3.1.2 theoretical volume (carbon black), n— the volume that a specific mass of carbon black would occupy if there were no
void space within the carbon black, and is given by the ratio of mass to skeletal density, where the skeletal density is determined
by an accepted test method.
3.1.3 void volume (carbon black), n—a measure of the occluded pore volume within the primary structure of carbon black,
characterized by the irregularity and non-sphericity of carbon black aggregate particles, and expressed as the difference
(compressed volume minus theoretical volume) as a function of applied pressure, and normalized to 100 g mass.
3.1.3.1 Discussion—Carbonblacksresistpacking,compression,andfractureduetoaggregateirregularitiesandentanglements,
size distribution, and aggregate strength or particle-to-particle necks within aggregate branches. Carbon black compressed void
volumeisalsoaffectedbyreactingforcestothecylinderwallandthepistontip,whichinturndependonfactorsincludingsample
shape (that is, the ratio of sample height to cylinder diameter) or interfacial area, which can influence the uniformity of the
compaction density. Since the compressed void volumes are specific to the cylinder geometry and possibly to the cylinder wall
surface(thatis,frictioneffects),ameasuredcompressedvolumeisnotatruecompressedvolumeunlessthesefactorsarecorrected
or sufficiently minimized.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 The measured compressed volume (apparent volume) of a weighed dry test sample as a function of applied pressure is
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of Committee D24 on Carbon Black and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D24.11 on Carbon Black Structure.
Current edition approved July 1, 2008. Published August 2008. Originally approved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D6086–05.
Current edition approved June 15, 2009. Published July 2009. Originally approved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D6086–08.
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 1
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