ASTM A290/A290M-05(2015)
(Specification)Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Rings for Reduction Gears
Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Rings for Reduction Gears
ABSTRACT
This specification deals with normalized and tempered, and quenched and tempered, carbon and alloy steel forged or rolled rings for reduction gears. The grades and classes of steels covered here are: Grade 1, Classes A and B, and Grade 2, Classes C and D, which are carbon steels; and Grade 3, Classes E and F, Grade 4, Classes G, H, I, J, K and L, Grade 5, Classes M and P, and Grade 6, Class T, which are alloy steels. Materials shall be manufactured by melting and forging processes and optional machining, and shall be allowed to cool prior to reheating. Heat treatment shall consist of normalizing and tempering for Grade 1, Classes A and B, and quenching and tempering for all other grades and classes. Heat and product analyses shall be performed wherein specimens shall conform to required chemical composition of carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, copper, and aluminum. Steels shall also undergo tension, impact, and Brinell hardness tests, and shall conform to the following mechanical requirements: tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, reduction of area, Brinell hardness, and Charpy V-notch.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers normalized and tempered, and quenched and tempered, carbon and alloy steel forged or rolled rings for reduction gears.
1.2 Several grades and classes of steel are covered as follows:
1.2.1 Grade 1, Classes A and B, and Grade 2, Classes C and D, are carbon steel.
1.2.2 Grade 3, Classes E and F, Grade 4, Classes G, H, I, J, K and L, Grade 5, Classes M and P, and Grade 6, Class T, are alloy steel.
1.2.3 All grades and classes are considered weldable under proper conditions. Welding techniques are of fundamental importance and it is pre-supposed that welding procedure and inspection will be in accordance with proper methods for the class of material used.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:A290/A290M −05(Reapproved 2015)
Standard Specification for
Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Rings for Reduction
Gears
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA290/A290M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope A370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing
of Steel Products
1.1 This specification covers normalized and tempered, and
A388/A388M Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Steel
quenched and tempered, carbon and alloy steel forged or rolled
Forgings
rings for reduction gears.
A788/A788M Specification for Steel Forgings, General Re-
1.2 Several grades and classes of steel are covered as
quirements
follows:
1.2.1 Grade 1, ClassesAand B, and Grade 2, Classes C and
3. Terminology
D, are carbon steel.
3.1 Definitions of the terms used may be found in Specifi-
1.2.2 Grade 3, Classes E and F, Grade 4, Classes G, H, I, J,
cation A788/A788M.
K and L, Grade 5, Classes M and P, and Grade 6, Class T, are
alloy steel.
4. Ordering Information and General Requirements
1.2.3 All grades and classes are considered weldable under
proper conditions. Welding techniques are of fundamental
4.1 In addition to the ordering information required by
importance and it is pre-supposed that welding procedure and
Specification A788/A788M, the purchaser shall specify in the
inspection will be in accordance with proper methods for the
inquiry, contract, and order the grade and class desired and the
class of material used.
supplementary requirements, if any, which should apply.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
4.2 Material supplied to this specification shall conform to
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
the requirements of Specification A788/A788M, which out-
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
lines additional ordering information, manufacturing
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
requirements, testing and retesting methods and procedures,
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
marking, certification, product analysis variations, and addi-
with the standard.
tional supplementary requirements.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
5. Materials and Manufacture
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
5.1 Melting Process:
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. 5.1.1 The steel shall be produced by any of the melting
requirements in Specification A788/A788M, which may be
2. Referenced Documents
supplemented by Supplementary Requirement S6, Vacuum
Degassing.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A275/A275M Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of
5.2 Discard—Sufficient discard shall be taken from each
Steel Forgings
ingot to secure freedom from piping and undue segregation.
5.3 Forging Process—The forgings shall receive their hot
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,
mechanical work in accordance with the requirements of
Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
Specification A788/A788M.
A01.06 on Steel Forgings and Billets.
Current edition approved June 1, 2015. Published June 2015. Originally
5.4 Heat Treatment:
approved in 1946. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as A290/
A290M – 05(2010). DOI: 10.1520/A0290_A0290M-05R15.
5.4.1 Cooling Prior to Heat Treatment—After forging and
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
before reheating for heat treatment, the forgings shall be
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
allowed to cool in a manner to prevent injury, to accomplish
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. transformation, and prevent flakes.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
A290/A290M−05 (2015)
5.4.2 Heat treatment shall consist of normalizing and tem- 7. Mechanical Properties
pering for Grade 1 classes A and B and quenching and
7.1 Tension and Impact Test Requirements—The require-
tempering for all other grades and classes.
mentsfortensileandimpactpropertiesshallbeasprescribedin
5.4.2.1 Normalizing—A furnace charge thus treated is
Table 2.
termed a normalizing charge.
7.1.1 Number, Location, and Orientation of Test
5.4.2.2 Quenching—The forgings shall be completely aus-
Specimens—On classes requiring tension tests, two tension test
tenitizedandthenquenchedinasuitablemedium.Agroupthus
specimens and two sets of impact tests shall be taken 180°
treated is termed a quenching charge.
apart from a full-size prolongation left on one end of each
5.4.2.3 Tempering—A furnace charge thus treated is termed
individual forging or both ends of each multiple forging. The
a tempering charge. Minimum tempering temperatures shall be
test specimens shall be in a tangential direction at midwall of
as follows:
the ring as close as practical to the end of the rough-machined
Minimum Tempering Temperature
forging face.
Grade and Class °F [°C]
Grade 1 Classes A and B 1200 [650]
7.1.2 Test Method—Full-size tension and Charpy V-notch
Grade 2 ClassesC&D,E,F,G,H,M,P 1100 [595]
impact tests shall be conducted in accordance with Test
Grade 3 ClassesE&F 1100 [595]
Grade 4 ClassesG&H 1100 [595] Methods and Definitions A370.
Grade 5 ClassesM&P 1100 [595]
Grade 4 Classes I, J, K & L 1050 [565] 7.2 BrinellHardness—Forgingsshallbewithinthehardness
Grade 6 Class T 1000 [540]
ranges specified in Table 2. The permissible variation of
5.5 Machining: hardness in any forging shall not exceed 30 numbers for all
5.5.1 Rough machining before heat treatment for mechani-
classes except Classes K and L which shall be 40 numbers.
cal properties may be performed at the option of the producer.
7.2.1 Number and Location of Tests—Brinell hardness tests
5.5.2 The forgings shall conform to the sizes and shapes
shall be taken on each forging, regardless of weight or class,
specified by the purchaser.
after final heat treatment and final machining to dimensions
shown on the drawing submitted with the purchase order. Each
6. Chemical Composition 1
test shall be approximately ⁄4 of the
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: A290/A290M − 05 (Reapproved 2010) A290/A290M − 05 (Reapproved 2015)
Standard Specification for
Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Rings for Reduction
Gears
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A290/A290M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This specification covers normalized and tempered, and quenched and tempered, carbon and alloy steel forged or rolled
rings for reduction gears.
1.2 Several grades and classes of steel are covered as follows:
1.2.1 Grade 1, Classes A and B, and Grade 2, Classes C and D, are carbon steel.
1.2.2 Grade 3, Classes E and F, Grade 4, Classes G, H, I, J, K and L, Grade 5, Classes M and P, and Grade 6, Class T, are alloy
steel.
1.2.3 All grades and classes are considered weldable under proper conditions. Welding techniques are of fundamental
importance and it is pre-supposed that welding procedure and inspection will be in accordance with proper methods for the class
of material used.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A275/A275M Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of Steel Forgings
A370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products
A388/A388M Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Steel Forgings
A788/A788M Specification for Steel Forgings, General Requirements
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of the terms used may be found in Specification A788/A788M.
4. Ordering Information and General Requirements
4.1 In addition to the ordering information required by Specification A788/A788M, the purchaser shall specify in the inquiry,
contract, and order the grade and class desired and the supplementary requirements, if any, which should apply.
4.2 Material supplied to this specification shall conform to the requirements of Specification A788/A788M, which outlines
additional ordering information, manufacturing requirements, testing and retesting methods and procedures, marking, certification,
product analysis variations, and additional supplementary requirements.
5. Materials and Manufacture
5.1 Melting Process:
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A01.06
on Steel Forgings and Billets.
Current edition approved April 1, 2010June 1, 2015. Published May 2010June 2015. Originally approved in 1946. Last previous edition approved in 20052010 as
A290/A290M – 05.A290/A290M – 05(2010). DOI: 10.1520/A0290_A0290M-05R10.10.1520/A0290_A0290M-05R15.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
A290/A290M − 05 (2015)
5.1.1 The steel shall be produced by any of the melting requirements in Specification A788/A788M, which may be
supplemented by Supplementary Requirement S6, Vacuum Degassing.
5.2 Discard—Sufficient discard shall be taken from each ingot to secure freedom from piping and undue segregation.
5.3 Forging Process—The forgings shall receive their hot mechanical work in accordance with the requirements of Specification
A788/A788M.
5.4 Heat Treatment:
5.4.1 Cooling Prior to Heat Treatment—After forging and before reheating for heat treatment, the forgings shall be allowed to
cool in a manner to prevent injury, to accomplish transformation, and prevent flakes.
5.4.2 Heat treatment shall consist of normalizing and tempering for Grade 1 classes A and B and quenching and tempering for
all other grades and classes.
5.4.2.1 Normalizing—A furnace charge thus treated is termed a normalizing charge.
5.4.2.2 Quenching—The forgings shall be completely austenitized and then quenched in a suitable medium. A group thus treated
is termed a quenching charge.
5.4.2.3 Tempering—A furnace charge thus treated is termed a tempering charge. Minimum tempering temperatures shall be as
follows:
Minimum Tempering Temperature
Grade and Class °F [°C]
Grade 1 Classes A and B 1200 [650]
Grade 2 Classes C & D, E, F, G, H, M, P 1100 [595]
Grade 3 Classes E & F 1100 [595]
Grade 4 Classes G & H 1100 [595]
Grade 5 Classes M & P 1100 [595]
Grade 4 Classes I, J, K & L 1050 [565]
Grade 6 Class T 1000 [540]
5.5 Machining:
5.5.1 Rough machining before heat treatment for mechanical properties may be performed at the option of the producer.
5.5.2 The forgings shall conform to the sizes and shapes specified by the purchaser.
6. Chemical Composition
6.1 Composition—The steel shall conform to the requirements for chemical composition prescribed in Table 1. Alternative
compositions may be agreed upon in accordance with Supplementary Requirement S1.1.
6.1.1 Heat Analysis—The heat analysis obtained from sampling in accordance with Specification A788/A788M shall comply
with Table 1.
6.1.2 Product Analysis—An analysis may be made by the purchaser from a forging representing each heat. Samples for analysis
may be taken from the forging or from a full-size prolongation at any point midway between the inner and outer surfaces of the
ring or samples may be taken from the test specimen. The chemical composition thus determined shall not vary from the
requirements prescribed in Table 1 by more than the amounts prescribed in Specification A788/A788M.
7. Mechanical Properties
7.1 Tension and Impact Test Requirements—The requirements for tensile and impact properties shall be as prescribed in Table
2.
TABLE 1 Chemical Requirements
Composition, %
Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4 Grade 5 Grade 6
Element
C
...
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