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ASTM F1886/F1886M-09(2013)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determining Integrity of Seals for Flexible Packaging by Visual Inspection

Standard Test Method for Determining Integrity of Seals for Flexible Packaging by Visual Inspection

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Seal attributes can be linked directly to a number of variables in process parameters, equipment, or material, as well as environmental (room temperature and relative humidity). Visual seal characteristics and defects can provide evidence of package integrity and production sealing problems.  
5.2 Visual seal defects often will be the first indication of heat sealing process variation. They also will indicate a lack of, or potential compromise to, package integrity after physical package performance testing.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of channels in the package seal down to a width of 75 μm [0.003 in.] with a 60–100 % probability (see Section 8).  
1.1.1 The ability to visually detect channel defects in package seals is highly dependent on the size of channel, the degree of contrast from sealed and unsealed areas, the amount and type of adhesive between the two package layers, reflecting light angle, types of material used, the use of magnification, and the inspector's level of training and experience.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to packages with at least one transparent side so that the seal area may be clearly viewed.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Jul-2013
ICS
55.040 - Packaging materials and accessories
Technical Committee
F02 - Primary Barrier Packaging
Drafting Committee
F02.40 - Package Integrity
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM F1886/F1886M-09 - Standard Test Method for Determining Integrity of Seals for Flexible Packaging by Visual Inspection
Effective Date
01-Aug-2013
Replaced By
ASTM F1886/F1886M-16 - Standard Test Method for Determining Integrity of Seals for Flexible Packaging by Visual Inspection
Effective Date
01-Oct-2016

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ASTM F1886/F1886M-09(2013) - Standard Test Method for Determining Integrity of Seals for Flexible Packaging by Visual InspectionASTM F1886/F1886M-09(2013) - Standard Test Method for Determining Integrity of Seals for Flexible Packaging by Visual Inspection
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ASTM F1886/F1886M-09(2013) - Standard Test Method for Determining Integrity of Seals for Flexible Packaging by Visual Inspection
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: F1886/F1886M − 09(Reapproved 2013)
Standard Test Method for
Determining Integrity of Seals for Flexible Packaging by
1
Visual Inspection
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationF1886/F1886M;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyear
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 4. Summary of Test Method
1.1 Thistestmethodcoversthedeterminationofchannelsin 4.1 This test method provides a qualitative (accept/reject)
the package seal down to a width of 75 µm [0.003 in.] with a visual inspection method to evaluate the appearance character-
60–100 % probability (see Section 8). istics of unopened, intact seals in order to determine the
1.1.1 The ability to visually detect channel defects in presence of defects that may affect the integrity of the package.
package seals is highly dependent on the size of channel, the
5. Significance and Use
degree of contrast from sealed and unsealed areas, the amount
and type of adhesive between the two package layers, reflect-
5.1 Seal attributes can be linked directly to a number of
inglightangle,typesofmaterialused,theuseofmagnification,
variablesinprocessparameters,equipment,ormaterial,aswell
and the inspector’s level of training and experience.
as environmental (room temperature and relative humidity).
Visual seal characteristics and defects can provide evidence of
1.2 This test method is applicable to packages with at least
package integrity and production sealing problems.
one transparent side so that the seal area may be clearly
viewed.
5.2 Visual seal defects often will be the first indication of
heatsealingprocessvariation.Theyalsowillindicatealackof,
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
or potential compromise to, package integrity after physical
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
package performance testing.
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
6. Apparatus
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
with the standard. 6.1 Illuminant, lighting arrangements to give about 540
2
lumens/m [50 fc] of white light or daylight on the specimens.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
6.2 Indelible Marking Pen.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
7. Procedure
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
7.1 Visualacuityshallbesuchthattheinspectionoftheseal
may be performed at a distance of 30 to 45 cm [12 to 18 in.]
2. Referenced Documents
2
NOTE 1—Magnification devices, such as eyeloops, may be used as an
2.1 ASTM Standards:
analytical tool to characterize identified seal defects.
F17 Terminology Relating to Flexible Barrier Packaging
7.2 Inspect the entire sealed area of the package for com-
3. Terminology
pleteness and uniformity.
3.1 For terminology related to flexible barrier packaging,
NOTE 2—Different package sizes and shapes may require differing
see Terminology F17. lengths of time to adequately inspect the entire seal perimeter. Any time
requirement associated with visual inspection should allow for complete
seal inspection.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F02 on Flexible
NOTE 3—Some packaging materials and adhesives may fluoresce under
Barrier Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F02.40 on
ultraviolet light. Viewing the seal area in a UV light box will enhance the
Package Integrity.
sealed-to-unsealed area contrast, and provide for easier defect identifica-
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2013. Published September 2013. Originally
tion.
approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as F1886/F1886M – 09.
7.3 Identify and record any part of the seal where channels
DOI: 10.1520/F1886_F1886M-09R13.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
appear. Mark the location of the channels.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on NOTE 4—All other assessed defects (refer to Appendix X1) should be
the ASTM website. categorized according to user defined accept/reject criteria. Define the
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F1886/F1886M − 09 (2013)
actions to be taken in the event defects are detected during normal TABLE 1 Percent Incorrect by Laborator
...

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SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers conditioning of flexible barrier materials for the determination of flex resistance. Subsequent testing can be performed to determine the effects of flexing on material properties. These tests are beyond the scope of this practice.  
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5.1 Materials such as engineered thermoplastic films are often used for flexible barrier packaging. However, handling and transportation can cause abrasion to the packaging film and possibly compromise the integrity of the contents (for example, sterility of a medical device). This test method provides a comparative ranking of material performance that can be used as an indication of relative end-use performance.  
5.2 The resistance of material surfaces to abrasion, as measured on a testing machine under laboratory conditions, is only one of several factors contributing to wear performance or durability as experienced in the actual use of the material. While abrasion resistance and durability are frequently related, the relationship varies with different end uses and different factors may be necessary in any calculation of predicted durability from specific abrasion data.  
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5.4 This test method may not be suitable for all films, including the following cases:  
5.4.1 Films that stretch and generate a ripple in the abraded region during testing,  
5.4.2 Films that have a thickness greater than 0.25 mm (0.010 in.), or are of such rigidity that forming over the mandrel would cause internal stresses that weaken the film, and  
5.4.3 Conductive films.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion resistance of flexible non-conductive films and packaging materials using a weighted stylus that wears completely through a film by oscillating or reciprocating back and forth along a linear path until an electrical circuit is completed shutting down the test.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Contaminants may enter the package through leaks. Alternatively, product may be lost from the package through leaks. These leaks are frequently found at seals between package components of the same or dissimilar materials.  
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SCOPE
1.1 Method A of this test method defines a procedure that will detect and locate a leak equal to or greater than a channel formed by a 50 µm [0.002 in.] wire in the edge seals of a nonporous package. A dye penetrant solution is applied locally to the seal edge to be tested for leaks. After contact with the dye penetrant for a minimum specified time, the package is visually inspected for dye penetration or, preferably, the seal edge is placed against an absorbent surface and the surface inspected for staining from the dye.  
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5.1 Two procedures, A and B, are outlined in this test method. Procedure A is used most often for development of various beverage container designs to determine the functional characteristics of the package in regard to shelf life. Procedure B is recommended for use in beverage filling operations as a quality control tool in maintaining the desired CO2 fill pressure. A loss of CO2 will affect product taste.  
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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the strength of seals in flexible barrier materials.  
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5.1 Knowledge of extractives from flexible barrier materials may serve many useful purposes. A test cell constructed as described in this practice may be used for obtaining such data. Another test cell has been found equivalent to the one described in this practice. See the appendix for the source of the alternate cell.  
5.2 United States Federal Regulations 21CFR 176.170 (d)(3), 21CFR 177.1330 (e)(4), 21CFR 177.1360 (b), 21CFR 177.1670 (b), and 21CFR Appendix VI (b) cite this standard practice as the basis for determining the amount of extractables from the surface of a package or multilayer film or modified paper in contact with food. In some cases, it is the only practice defined for this purpose. No alternative detail is given in the regulations for conducting extractions.  
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Standard Test Methods for Determining Residual Solvents in Packaging Materials

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5.1 This test method is intended to measure volatile organic compounds that are emitted from packaging materials under high-temperature conditions.  
5.2 This test method may be useful in assisting in the development and manufacture of packaging materials having minimal retained packaging ink/adhesive solvents.  
5.3 Modification of this procedure by utilizing appropriate qualitative GC detection devices such as a mass spectrometer in place of the flame ionization detector may provide identification of volatile organics of unknown identity.
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1.1 This test method covers determination of the amount of residual solvents released from within a packaging material contained in a sealed vial under a given set of time and temperature conditions and is a recommended alternative for Test Method F151.  
1.2 This test method covers a procedure for quantitating volatile compounds whose identity has been established and which are retained in packaging materials.  
1.3 The analyst should determine the sensitivity and reproducibility of the method by carrying out appropriate studies on the solvents of interest. The analyst is referred to Practice E260 for guidance.  
1.4 For purposes of verifying the identity of or identifying unknown volatile compounds the analyst is encouraged to incorporate techniques such as gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy, gas chromatography/infrared spectroscopy or other suitable techniques in conjunction with this test method.  
1.5 Sensitivity of this test method in the determination of the concentration of a given retained solvent must be determined on a case by case basis due to the variation in the substrate/solvent interaction between different types of samples.  
1.6 This test method does not address the determination of total retained solvents in a packaging material. Techniques such as multiple headspace extraction can be employed to this end. The analyst is referred to the manual supplied with the GC-Autosampling system for guidance.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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SCOPE
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5.1 The vacuum, bubble test method, as described in Test Method D3078, and various other leak detection methods described elsewhere (Test Method D4991, Guide E432, Test Method E493, Test Method E498, Test Method E499, and Test Method E1603) have been successfully used widely in various industries and applications to determine that a given package is or is not a “leaker.” The sensitivity of any selected leak test method has to be considered to determine its applicability to a specific situation.  
5.2 The procedures presented in this test method allow the user to carry out package and seal integrity testing with sufficient sensitivity to quantify seals in the previously defined moderate to fine seal ranges.  
5.3 By employing seal-isolating leak testing fixtures, packages constructed of various materials can be tested in the full range of seal performance requirements. Design of these fixtures is beyond the scope of this method.  
5.4 These seal/package integrity test procedures can be utilized as:  
5.4.1 A design tool,  
5.4.2 For tooling qualification,  
5.4.3 Process setup,  
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5.4.5 Quality assurance monitoring, or  
5.4.6 Research and development.
SCOPE
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1.1.4 Most applications of helium leak detection are destructive, in that helium needs to be injected into the package after the package has been sealed. The injection site then needs to be sealed/patched externally, which often destroys its saleability. Alternatively, if helium can be incorporated into the headspace before sealing, the method can be non-destructive because all that needs to be accomplished is to simply detect for helium escaping the sealed package.  
1.2 Two procedures are described; however the supporting data in Section 14 only reflects Procedure B (Vacuum Mode). The alternative, Sniffer Mode, has proven to be a valuable procedure for many applications, but may have more variability due to exactly the manner that the operator conducts the test such as whether the package is squeezed, effect of multiple small leaks compared to fewer large leaks, background helium concentration, package permeability and speed at which the scan is conducted. Further testing to quantify this procedure’s variability is anticipated, but not included in this version.  
1.2.1 Procedure A: Sniffer Mode—the package is scanned externally for helium escaping into the atmosphere or fixture.  
1.2.2 Procedure B: Vacuum Mode—the helium containing package is placed in a closed fixture. After drawing a vacuum, helium escaping into the closed fixture (capture volume) is detected. Typically, the fixtures are custom made for the specific package under test.  
1.3 The sensitivity of the method can range from the detection of:  
1.3.1 Large leaks—10-2 Pa·m 3/s to 10-5 Pa·m3/s (10–1 cc/sec/atm to 10-4 cc/sec/atm).  
1.3.2 Moderate leaks—10-5 Pa·m 3/s to 10-7 Pa·m3/s (10-4 cc/sec/atm to 10-6 cc/sec/atm).  
1.3.3 Fine leaks—10-7 Pa·m 3/s to 10-9 Pa·m3/s (10-6 cc/sec/atm to 10-8 cc/sec/atm).  
1.3.4 Ultra-Fine leak—10-9 Pa·m 3/s to 10-11 Pa·m3/s (10-8 cc/sec/atm to 10-10 cc/sec/atm).
Note 1: Conversion from cc/sec/atm to Pa·m3/s is achieved by multiplying by 0.1.  
1.4 The terms large, moderate, fine and ultra-fine are relative terms only and do not imply the acceptability of any leak rate. The individual application dictates the level of integrity needed. For many packaging applications, only “large leaks” are considered unacceptable and the ability to detect smaller leaks is immaterial. All leak rates referred...

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