ASTM F2355-12
(Specification)Standard Specification for Design and Performance Requirements for Lighter-Than-Air Light Sport Aircraft
Standard Specification for Design and Performance Requirements for Lighter-Than-Air Light Sport Aircraft
ABSTRACT
This specification covers design and performance requirements that apply for the manufacture of lighter-than-air light sport aircraft. Performance requirements for balloons, airships and thermal airships are: proof of compliance; general performance; flight performance; climb; controllability and maneuverability; descent; landing; and stability and control. Structure requirements for airships, thermal airships, balloons and vectored thrust balloons are presented in details. The power plant installation shall be easily accessible for inspection and maintenance. The equipments for airships and free balloons are presented in details. The operating limitations and other information necessary for safe operation shall be established and documented in a flight manual, which will be made available to the pilot upon aircraft delivery.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers design and performance requirements that apply for the manufacture of lighter-than-air light sport aircraft.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.
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Designation:F2355 −12
StandardSpecification for
Design and Performance Requirements for Lighter-Than-Air
1
Light Sport Aircraft
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2355; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.3 design useful load—load (other than structure, engine,
enclosure,andsystems)thatalighter-than-airaircraftcancarry
1.1 This specification covers design and performance re-
while achieving the design defining performance requirements.
quirements that apply for the manufacture of lighter-than-air
3.1.4 gross weight—total aircraft system weight(s) at take-
light sport aircraft.
off.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.5 lighter-than-air aircraft—aircraft that can rise and
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
remain suspended by using contained gas weighing less than
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
the air that is displaced by the gas.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.5.1 Discussion—Airships may include dynamic lift that
bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.
derive as much as 30 % lift from other than buoyancy.
2. Referenced Documents
3.1.6 maximum takeoff weight—gross weight limit as de-
2
fined by the manufacturer, proven through compliance with
2.1 ASTM Standards:
this specification and placarded on the aircraft as the not-to-
F2353 Specification for Manufacturer Quality Assurance
exceed gross weight.
Program for Lighter-Than-Air Light Sport Aircraft
F2354 SpecificationforContinuedAirworthinessSystemfor
3.1.7 thermal airship—airship using heated air for a portion
Lighter-Than-Air Light Sport Aircraft
of its lift, incorporating design features to prevent nose
F2356 Specification for ProductionAcceptance Testing Sys-
collapse due to dynamic pressure and exempt from specific
tem for Lighter-Than-Air Light Sport Aircraft
pressurized envelope requirements.
F2427 Specification for Required Product Information to be
3.1.8 vectored thrust balloon—thermal balloon with thrust
Provided with Lighter-Than-Air Light Sport Aircraft
capabilitythatdoesnothavedesignfeaturestopreventforward
envelope collapse due to dynamic pressure and is therefore
3. Terminology
limited in its lateral speed capability.
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.9 weight limitations—operational weight restrictions
3.1.1 airship—engine-driven lighter-than-air aircraft that
(maximum/minimum) as defined by the manufacturer and
can be steered.
proven through compliance with this specification to demon-
3.1.1.1 Discussion—This definition can include “and that
strate controllability.
sustains flight through the use of either gas buoyancy or an
airborne heater, or both.”
4. Flight Requirements
3.1.2 balloon—lighter-than-air aircraft that is not engine-
4.1 Performance Requirements for Airships and Thermal
driven, and that sustains flight through the use of either gas
Airships, except as noted:
buoyancy or an airborne heater, or both.
4.1.1 Proof of Compliance—Each of the following require-
ments shall be met at the maximum takeoff weight and most
critical center of gravity (CG) position. To the extent that CG
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F37 on Light
adjustment devices may be adjusted for flight, these compo-
Sport Aircraft and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F37.60 on Lighter
nents will be evaluated in the least favorable recommended
than Air.
position as it affects either performance or structural strength.
Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2012. Published December 2012. Originally
4.1.2 General Performance—All performance requirements
approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as F2355 – 10. DOI:
10.1520/F2355-12.
apply in and shall be corrected to International Civil Aviation
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Organization (ICAO) defined standard atmosphere in still air
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
conditionsatsealevel.Speedsshallbegiveninindicated(IAS)
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. and calibrated (CAS) airspeeds in knots.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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F2355−12
4.1.3 Flight Performance—For all flight operations it shall (1) Lateral stability will be demonstrated by maintaining
be shown that control sufficient to safely maneuver or land the thesurfacecontrolsin
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: F2355 − 10 F2355 − 12
Standard Specification for
Design and Performance Requirements for Lighter-Than-Air
1
Light Sport Aircraft
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2355; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This specification covers design and performance requirements that apply for the manufacture of lighter-than-air light sport
aircraft.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
requirements prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
F2353 Specification for Manufacturer Quality Assurance Program for Lighter-Than-Air Light Sport Aircraft
F2354 Specification for Continued Airworthiness System for Lighter-Than-Air Light Sport Aircraft
F2356 Specification for Production Acceptance Testing System for Lighter-Than-Air Light Sport Aircraft
F2427 Specification for Required Product Information to be Provided with Lighter-Than-Air Light Sport Aircraft
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 airship—engine-driven lighter-than-air aircraft that can be steered.
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F37 on Light Sport Aircraft and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F37.60 on Lighter than Air.
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2010Nov. 15, 2012. Published March 2010December 2012. Originally approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 20082010
as F2355 – 05a (2008).F2355 – 10. DOI: 10.1520/F2355-10.10.1520/F2355-12.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—
This definition can include “and that sustains flight through the use of either gas buoyancy or an airborne heater, or both.”
3.1.2 balloon—lighter-than-air aircraft that is not engine-driven, and that sustains flight through the use of either gas buoyancy
or an airborne heater, or both.
3.1.3 design useful load—load (other than structure, engine, enclosure, and systems) that a lighter-than-air aircraft can carry
while achieving the design defining performance requirements.
3.1.4 gross weight—totaltotal aircraft system weight(s) at takeoff. The weight limits must be established so that it is: (1) the
designed maximum weight at which compliance with each applicable structural loading condition is demonstrated, or (2) the
highest weight at which compliance at each applicable flight requirement is demonstrated.
3.1.5 lighter-than-air aircraft—aircraft that can rise and remain suspended by using contained gas weighing less than the air that
is displaced by the gas.
3.1.5.1 Discussion—
Airships may include dynamic lift that derive as much as 30 % lift from other than buoyancy.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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F2355 − 12
3.1.6 maximum takeoff weight—gross weight limit as defined by the manufacturer, proven through compliance with this
specification and placarded on the aircraft as the not-to-exceed gross weight.
3.1.7 thermal airship—craft with airship using heated air for a portion of its lift, incorporating design features to prevent nose
collapse due to forward motion for which buoyancy is created or enhanced by heating of the gas in an otherwise unpressurized
envelope.dynamic pressure and exempt from specific pressurized envelope requirements.
3.1.8 vectored thrust balloon—craft that can move laterally, but is limited to lateral speed by its lack of thermal balloon with
thrust capability that does not have design features to prevent forward envelope collapse due to forward motion.dynamic pressure
and is therefore limited in its lateral speed capability.
3.1.9 weight limitations—operational weight restrictions (maximum/minimum) as defined by the manufacturer and proven
through compliance with this specification to demonstrate controllability.
4. Flight Requirements
4.1 Performance Requirements for Airships and Thermal Ai
...
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