ASTM F2355-13
(Specification)Standard Specification for Design and Performance Requirements for Lighter-Than-Air Light Sport Aircraft
Standard Specification for Design and Performance Requirements for Lighter-Than-Air Light Sport Aircraft
ABSTRACT
This specification covers design and performance requirements that apply for the manufacture of lighter-than-air light sport aircraft. Performance requirements for balloons, airships and thermal airships are: proof of compliance; general performance; flight performance; climb; controllability and maneuverability; descent; landing; and stability and control. Structure requirements for airships, thermal airships, balloons and vectored thrust balloons are presented in details. The power plant installation shall be easily accessible for inspection and maintenance. The equipments for airships and free balloons are presented in details. The operating limitations and other information necessary for safe operation shall be established and documented in a flight manual, which will be made available to the pilot upon aircraft delivery.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers design and performance requirements that apply for the manufacture of lighter-than-air light sport aircraft.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.
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Designation:F2355 −13
StandardSpecification for
Design and Performance Requirements for Lighter-Than-Air
1
Light Sport Aircraft
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2355; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.2 balloon—lighter-than-air aircraft that is not engine-
driven, and that sustains flight through the use of either gas
1.1 This specification covers design and performance re-
buoyancy or an airborne heater, or both.
quirements that apply for the manufacture of lighter-than-air
3.1.3 design useful load—load (other than structure, engine,
light sport aircraft.
enclosure,andsystems)thatalighter-than-airaircraftcancarry
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
while achieving the design defining performance requirements.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.4 gross weight—total aircraft system weight(s) at take-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
off.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.
3.1.5 lighter-than-air aircraft—aircraft that can rise and
remain suspended by using contained gas weighing less than
2. Referenced Documents
the air that is displaced by the gas.
2
3.1.5.1 Discussion—Airships may include dynamic lift that
2.1 ASTM Standards:
F2353 Specification for Manufacturer Quality Assurance derive as much as 30 % lift from other than buoyancy.
Program for Lighter-Than-Air Light Sport Aircraft
3.1.6 maximum takeoff weight—gross weight limit as de-
F2354 SpecificationforContinuedAirworthinessSystemfor
fined by the manufacturer, proven through compliance with
Lighter-Than-Air Light Sport Aircraft
this specification and placarded on the aircraft as the not-to-
F2356 Specification for ProductionAcceptance Testing Sys-
exceed gross weight.
tem for Lighter-Than-Air Light Sport Aircraft
3.1.7 thermal airship—airship using heated air for a portion
F2427 Specification for Required Product Information to be
of its lift, incorporating design features to prevent nose
Provided with Lighter-Than-Air Light Sport Aircraft
collapse due to dynamic pressure and exempt from specific
F2483 Practice for Maintenance and the Development of
pressurized envelope requirements.
Maintenance Manuals for Light Sport Aircraft
3.1.8 vectored thrust balloon—thermal balloon with thrust
F2563 Practice for Kit Assembly Instructions of Aircraft
capabilitythatdoesnothavedesignfeaturestopreventforward
Intended Primarily for Recreation
envelope collapse due to dynamic pressure and is therefore
limited in its lateral speed capability.
3. Terminology
3.1.9 weight limitations—operational weight restrictions
3.1 Definitions:
(maximum/minimum) as defined by the manufacturer and
3.1.1 airship—engine-driven lighter-than-air aircraft that
proven through compliance with this specification to demon-
can be steered.
strate controllability.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—This definition can include “and that
sustains flight through the use of either gas buoyancy or an
4. Flight Requirements
airborne heater, or both.”
4.1 Performance Requirements for Airships and Thermal
Airships, except as noted:
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F37 on Light
4.1.1 Proof of Compliance—Each of the following require-
Sport Aircraft and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F37.60 on Lighter
ments shall be met at the maximum takeoff weight and most
than Air.
critical center of gravity (CG) position. To the extent that CG
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2013.PublishedJuly2013.Originallyapproved
adjustment devices may be adjusted for flight, these compo-
in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as F2355 – 12. DOI: 10.1520/
F2355-13.
nents will be evaluated in the least favorable recommended
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
position as it affects either performance or structural strength.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
4.1.2 General Performance—All performance requirements
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. apply in and shall be corrected to International Civil Aviation
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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F2355−13
Organization (ICAO) defined standard atmosphere in still air (3) Longitudinal upset response shall be evaluated by
conditionsatsealevel.Speedsshallbegiveninindicated(IAS) analysisorte
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: F2355 − 12 F2355 − 13
Standard Specification for
Design and Performance Requirements for Lighter-Than-Air
1
Light Sport Aircraft
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2355; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This specification covers design and performance requirements that apply for the manufacture of lighter-than-air light sport
aircraft.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
requirements prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
F2353 Specification for Manufacturer Quality Assurance Program for Lighter-Than-Air Light Sport Aircraft
F2354 Specification for Continued Airworthiness System for Lighter-Than-Air Light Sport Aircraft
F2356 Specification for Production Acceptance Testing System for Lighter-Than-Air Light Sport Aircraft
F2427 Specification for Required Product Information to be Provided with Lighter-Than-Air Light Sport Aircraft
F2483 Practice for Maintenance and the Development of Maintenance Manuals for Light Sport Aircraft
F2563 Practice for Kit Assembly Instructions of Aircraft Intended Primarily for Recreation
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 airship—engine-driven lighter-than-air aircraft that can be steered.
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F37 on Light Sport Aircraft and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F37.60 on Lighter than Air.
Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2012June 1, 2013. Published December 2012July 2013. Originally approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 20102012 as
F2355 – 10.F2355 – 12. DOI: 10.1520/F2355-12.10.1520/F2355-13.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—
This definition can include “and that sustains flight through the use of either gas buoyancy or an airborne heater, or both.”
3.1.2 balloon—lighter-than-air aircraft that is not engine-driven, and that sustains flight through the use of either gas buoyancy
or an airborne heater, or both.
3.1.3 design useful load—load (other than structure, engine, enclosure, and systems) that a lighter-than-air aircraft can carry
while achieving the design defining performance requirements.
3.1.4 gross weight—total aircraft system weight(s) at takeoff.
3.1.5 lighter-than-air aircraft—aircraft that can rise and remain suspended by using contained gas weighing less than the air that
is displaced by the gas.
3.1.5.1 Discussion—
Airships may include dynamic lift that derive as much as 30 % lift from other than buoyancy.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F2355 − 13
3.1.6 maximum takeoff weight—gross weight limit as defined by the manufacturer, proven through compliance with this
specification and placarded on the aircraft as the not-to-exceed gross weight.
3.1.7 thermal airship—airship using heated air for a portion of its lift, incorporating design features to prevent nose collapse
due to dynamic pressure and exempt from specific pressurized envelope requirements.
3.1.8 vectored thrust balloon—thermal balloon with thrust capability that does not have design features to prevent forward
envelope collapse due to dynamic pressure and is therefore limited in its lateral speed capability.
3.1.9 weight limitations—operational weight restrictions (maximum/minimum) as defined by the manufacturer and proven
through compliance with this specification to demonstrate controllability.
4. Flight Requirements
4.1 Performance Requirements for Airships and Thermal Airships, except as noted:
4.1.1 Proof of Compliance—Each of the following requirements shall be met at the maximum takeoff weight and most critical
center of gravity (CG) position. To the extent that CG adjustment devices may be adjusted for flight, these components will be
evaluated in the least favorable recommended
...
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