ASTM E2202-02(2016)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Measurement of Equipment-Generated Continuous Noise for Assessment of Health Hazards
Standard Practice for Measurement of Equipment-Generated Continuous Noise for Assessment of Health Hazards
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This standard defines measurement procedures for estimating the risk of noise-induced hearing loss among users of noise producing equipment. It is applicable to ground vehicles, aircraft, watercraft, and mobile, transportable, and stationary equipment. The primary approach is to separately measure the sound level at operator ear locations for each normal operating condition. These levels can be combined with operational use scenarios and exposure criteria to define noise exposure severity. The data can also be used to define hearing protection requirements or administrative controls to preclude hearing hazard.
5.2 The practice has the following limitations:
5.2.1 The practice uses field portable measurement equipment.
5.2.2 The practice produces data which may be compared with applicable criteria or limits if the limits are in terms of the quantities measured in this standard or which can be calculated from the measured data.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard defines noise measurement procedures for estimating the risk of hearing loss among users of noise producing equipment. It is applicable to ground vehicles, aircraft, watercraft, and other mobile, transportable, or stationary equipment.
1.2 This standard does not recommend noise exposure limit levels or criteria for any application discussed.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
Relations
Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E2202 − 02 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Practice for
Measurement of Equipment-Generated Continuous Noise for
Assessment of Health Hazards
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2202; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.2 The terms specific to nonmandatory Appendix X1 are in
X1.2.
1.1 This standard defines noise measurement procedures for
estimating the risk of hearing loss among users of noise
4. Summary of Practice
producing equipment. It is applicable to ground vehicles,
4.1 For most equipment generating steady noise, the
aircraft, watercraft, and other mobile, transportable, or station-
A-weighted and octave band levels are measured at locations
ary equipment.
normally occupied by personnel. The hazard contours around
1.2 This standard does not recommend noise exposure limit
the equipment are also determined in terms of A-weighted
levels or criteria for any application discussed.
sound levels in decibels. In some cases, duty cycle testing is
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
used to determine time-weighted average sound levels.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4.2 The operating conditions for specific equipment types
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
are in sections as follows:
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
4.2.1 Ground vehicles in 8.2 and 9.2.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4.2.2 Construction and material handling equipment in 9.3.
4.2.3 Watercraft in 9.4.
2. Referenced Documents
4.2.4 Stationary equipment in 9.5.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.2.5 Helicopters in 9.6.
C634 Terminology Relating to Building and Environmental
5. Significance and Use
Acoustics
5.1 This standard defines measurement procedures for esti-
2.2 ANSI Standards:
mating the risk of noise-induced hearing loss among users of
ANSI S 1.1 Acoustical Terminology
noise producing equipment. It is applicable to ground vehicles,
ANSI S 1.4 Specification for Sound Level Meters
aircraft, watercraft, and mobile, transportable, and stationary
ANSI S 1.11 Specification for Octave-Band and Fractional-
equipment. The primary approach is to separately measure the
Octave-Band Analog and Digital Filters
sound level at operator ear locations for each normal operating
ANSI S1.25 Specification for Personal Noise Dosimeters
condition. These levels can be combined with operational use
ANSI S 1.40 Specification for Acoustical Calibrators
scenarios and exposure criteria to define noise exposure
severity. The data can also be used to define hearing protection
3. Terminology
requirements or administrative controls to preclude hearing
3.1 Except as noted in Appendix X1, the terms and symbols
hazard.
used in this practice are defined in Terminology C634.
5.2 The practice has the following limitations:
5.2.1 The practice uses field portable measurement equip-
ment.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E33 on Building
5.2.2 The practice produces data which may be compared
and Environmental Acoustics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
E33.08 on Mechanical and Electrical System Noise. with applicable criteria or limits if the limits are in terms of the
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2016. Published October 2016. Originally
quantities measured in this standard or which can be calculated
approved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as E2202 – 02 (2009).
from the measured data.
DOI: 10.1520/E2202-02R16.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
6. Instrumentation
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
6.1 Requirements:
the ASTM website.
6.1.1 Sound level meters and microphones shall conform to
Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036. requirements for type 1, as specified by ANSI S1.4.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E2202 − 02 (2016)
6.1.2 Band filter sets shall meet the requirements for Order tative number of passenger stations. Whenever possible, mea-
3, Type 3-D, Extended Range, as specified by ANSI S1.11. surements should be made with the crew member or passenger
6.1.3 Acoustic calibrators shall meet ANSI S1.40. absent. The measurement shall be at the elevation of the center
6.1.4 Noise dosimeters shall meet ANSI S1.25. of the head (80 cm above the seat reference point or, if
standing, at 160 cm above the floor). If practical during each
6.2 Calibration:
measurement, the microphone shall be rotated in a 15 to 30 cm
6.2.1 All noise measurement instrumentation shall have
diameter horizontal circle with the microphone sensing ele-
undergone a complete electro-acoustical calibration in accor-
ment facing up.
dance with manufacturer’s instruction no more than 1 year
prior to the noise measurement.
8.4 Noise Contours—Where the steady-state sound level
6.2.2 The noise measurement instrumentation, including around stationary equipment is 85 dB(A) or greater, the
microphones and filter sets, shall undergo an end to end distances and directions from the noise source at which the
calibration check with an acoustical calibrator prior to the start sound level equals 85 dB(A) shall be determined. The 85
of the measurement, and after completion, on the day of the dB(A) contours shall also be determined for mobile equipment
measurement. If the sensitivity after the measurements differs which could, at times, be stationary. The 85 dB(A) contour
from the sensitivity before the measurement by more than 0.5 shall be determined from measurements made around the noise
dB, the data shall be discarded.
source at angular increments not greater than 45 degrees, and
also at the noisiest angle.
7. Test Environment
NOTE 1—The 85 dB(A) contour is the most commonly used. Certain
jurisdictions use other values such as 84 dB(A) or 90 dB(A). For
7.1 Test Site—Equipment shall be tested in its exact operat-
equipment capable of generating very high noise levels additional
ing location if the location is known and such testing is
contours may be specified such as a 103 dB(A) contour within which
feasible. When this is not possible, the test site shall be a
double hearing protection may be required by certain jurisdictions. For
uniform flat paved surface or hemi-anechoic chamber. It shall
these cases, the appropriate contour level shall be measured.
be free of reflecting surfaces such as buildings, trees, or
hillsides within 30 m. A grass surface, free of ice, snow, or 9. Equipment Configuration and Operating Conditions
vegetation over 15 cm tall may be substituted if the equipment
9.1 General—Systems shall be operated as required to
is not normally operated on a paved surface.
accomplish their intended missions or functions.The operating
7.2 Background Noise—When practical, background noise,
conditions listed are preferred but other conditions may be
including wind noise, shall be at least 10 dB below that of the added if they are judged to result in more accurate noise
equipment noise being measured; however, background noise
exposure estimates.
shall always be at least 10 dB below the criteria.Awindscreen
9.2 Ground Vehicles:
shall be used at wind velocities of 10 km/h or more. Measure-
9.2.1 Equipment Openings—All windows, vents, and access
ments shall not be made at wind velocities of 20 km/h or more.
openings shall be in the normal operation position. If it is
7.3 Surface and Grade for Vehicle Testing—Vehicles shall
possible to operate with these in either the open or closed
be driven along a dry, smooth, paved, and level road (<1 %
positions, both configurations shall be tested.
grade), free from gravel or other loose material. Vehicles
9.2.2 Vehicle Speed and Gear—The vehicle speed shall be
having nonrubber-padded tracks shall be driven on level,
measured by a calibrated speedometer or other velocity mea-
compact earth. Measurements shall not be made when the road
suring device. Measurements shall be made at either 8 or 16
surface is wet, covered with snow or ice, or during precipita-
km/h increments up to the maximum vehicle speed. If 16 km/h
tion.
increments are selected, measurements shall start at 16 km/h
rather than 8 km/h.
8. Measurement Location and Orientation
9.2.3 Load-Carrying Equipment—All load-carrying equip-
8.1 If possible, measure at the probable head position of the
ment shall be operated at the maximum payload including any
occupant of interest with the occupant absent. If an operator
towed trailers at maximum payload.
must be present to operate the equipment under test, measure
9.2.4 All subsystems and auxiliary equipment normally in
the operator position by placing the microphone 15 cm from
use shall be operating. Where heaters and air conditioners may
themoreexposedear.Ifthereisawallorreflectivesurfaceless
be used at the same time (such as humidity control) both shall
than30cmfromthatear,measuremidwaybetweentheearand
be operated. Where both heaters and air conditioners are
the surface.
present, the one producing the higher sound level shall be
operated.
8.2 For ground equipment or watercraft, sound measure-
ments shall be made at:
9.3 Construction and Materials-Handling Equipment:
8.2.1 Each operator or crew position.
9.3.1 Duty cycle testing may be used. Define a duty cycle
8.2.2 Representative positions where one or more individu-
typical of the anticipated use of the equipment. If more than
als (for example, passengers) will be located, and
one type of duty cycle is applicable, specify the most fre-
8.2.3 Occasionally occupied positions during typical opera-
quently used and the noisiest duty cycles.
tion or maintenance of the item or system.
9.3.2 Duty cycles shall be as short as practical and the noise
8.3 For aircraft sound measurements shall be made at or exposure of sufficient cycles shall be measured for a minimum
near the head positions of all crew stations and at a represen- duration of1hat rated capacity.
E2202 − 02 (2016)
9.3.3 Theequipmentshallbeoperatedatatestsitetypicalof 9.6.4.1 With doors, windows, and vents closed, and
the environment in which the equipment is to be used. acoustical/thermal insulation treatment (hereafter referred to
only as acoustical treatment) intact and in place.
9.3.4 Measure the time-averaged A-weighted sound level
9.6.4.2 Doors and windows open, removable acoustic treat-
L (r) at the operator ear position where r is the applicable
avg
ment in place.
exchange rate (see Appendix X1).
NOTE 3—The maximum allowable forward airspeed for this condition
NOTE 2—The exchange rate must be specified if the measurements are
may he less than that specified in 9.6.1.2.
for a jurisdiction which uses exchange rates other than 5 dB per doubling
of time.
9.6.4.3 Doors and windows closed, removable acoustic
treatment out.
9.3.5 Iftheoperatorisinaenclosedcab,measure L (r)for
avg
9.6.5 Helicopter Ground Measurements:
cab doors and windows closed and cab doors and windows
9.6.5.1 Positions—Measurements shall be made at the head
open. When the cab doors and windows are closed measure
position of a representative number of normal maintenance
with all heater, air conditioners and other noise-producing cab
locations. These measurements shall be made with the aircraft
auxiliary equipment operating.
on the ground. All subsystems which are normally operated
9.4 Watercraft—Watercraft noise shall be measured under
during ground maintenance (for example, generators,
normal cruise/calm water conditions.
hydraulics, environmental control unit) shall be operating.
9.5 Stationary Equipment: Doors and windows shall be open.All acoustic treatments and
access panels normally removed for maintenance shall be
9.5.1 Speed—All equipment shall be operated at maximum-
removed.
rated continuous duty speed and other speeds at which nor-
9.6.5.2 Conditions:
mally operated.
(1) Enginesoff,auxiliarypowerunit(APU)operating(ifso
9.5.2 Load—All equipment shall be operated at normal
equipped).
maximum rated load. The exception is that variable-speed
(2) All engines operating with rotors turning at flight-idle
equipment, which is normally operated at less than maximum,
rpm (minimum collective pitch), and the APU operating (if so
shall be operated at two-thirds maximum-rated load.
equipped).
9.5.3 Auxiliary Equipment—All auxiliary equipment nor-
9.6.5.3 Measurement Time—The recording time of each
mally in use shall be operating.
noise data sample shall be sufficient to produce a continuous
9.6 Helicopters:
30-s or longer record of analyzed data.
9.6.1 Flight Conditions—Flight conditions shall include the
10. Data Analysis and Display
following:
9.6.1.1 Hover in ground effect (IGE). The helicopter shall 10.1 Octave band andA-weighted data shall be displayed in
be flown at a height determined by a Z/D ratio of 0.4 6 300
tabular format representing the measured level as dB, slow
mm, meter response.
10.2 Contours shall be displayed on a sketch, either dimen-
where:
sioned or drawn to scale with the scale reference included.
Z = height of the rotor above the ground, and
D = main rotor diameter.
11. Report
9.6.1.2 Level Flight—At lower forward airspeed of either
11.1 Report the following information:
0.9V or 0.9VNE,
H
11.1.1 Measured Data—Per Section 10.
11.1.2 Measurement Instrumentation—Completelistofcali-
where:
bratedinstrumentation(forexample,microphone,preamplifier,
V = maximum horizontal velocity at maximum continu-
H
sound level meter, calibrator, tape recorder, power supply,
ous power, and
oscilloscope, frequency analyzer) used for measurements,
VNE = velocity never exceeded.
including nomenclature, model, serial number, manufacturer,
9.6.2 Gross Weight and Rotor Speed Conditions—Noise
date of calibration, and period of calibration.
measurements shall be made while the helicopter is in flight at
11.1.3 Equipment Being Measured—Complete identifica-
maximum design gross weight and at normal 65 % of rated
tion of the equipment whose noise is being measured, includ-
rotor speed.
ingnomenclature,type,serialnumber,mileage(ifappropriate),
9.6.3 Helicopter Subsystems and Equipment—The subsys-
and any modifications to the equipment.
tem
...
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E2202 − 02 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Practice for
Measurement of Equipment-Generated Continuous Noise for
Assessment of Health Hazards
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2202; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.2 The terms specific to nonmandatory Appendix X1 are in
X1.2.
1.1 This standard defines noise measurement procedures for
estimating the risk of hearing loss among users of noise
4. Summary of Practice
producing equipment. It is applicable to ground vehicles,
4.1 For most equipment generating steady noise, the
aircraft, watercraft, and other mobile, transportable, or station-
A-weighted and octave band levels are measured at locations
ary equipment.
normally occupied by personnel. The hazard contours around
1.2 This standard does not recommend noise exposure limit
the equipment are also determined in terms of A-weighted
levels or criteria for any application discussed.
sound levels in decibels. In some cases, duty cycle testing is
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
used to determine time-weighted average sound levels.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4.2 The operating conditions for specific equipment types
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
are in sections as follows:
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
4.2.1 Ground vehicles in 8.2 and 9.2.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4.2.2 Construction and material handling equipment in 9.3.
4.2.3 Watercraft in 9.4.
2. Referenced Documents
4.2.4 Stationary equipment in 9.5.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.2.5 Helicopters in 9.6.
C634 Terminology Relating to Building and Environmental
5. Significance and Use
Acoustics
5.1 This standard defines measurement procedures for esti-
2.2 ANSI Standards:
mating the risk of noise-induced hearing loss among users of
ANSI S 1.1 Acoustical Terminology
noise producing equipment. It is applicable to ground vehicles,
ANSI S 1.4 Specification for Sound Level Meters
aircraft, watercraft, and mobile, transportable, and stationary
ANSI S 1.11 Specification for Octave-Band and Fractional-
equipment. The primary approach is to separately measure the
Octave-Band Analog and Digital Filters
sound level at operator ear locations for each normal operating
ANSI S1.25 Specification for Personal Noise Dosimeters
condition. These levels can be combined with operational use
ANSI S 1.40 Specification for Acoustical Calibrators
scenarios and exposure criteria to define noise exposure
severity. The data can also be used to define hearing protection
3. Terminology
requirements or administrative controls to preclude hearing
3.1 Except as noted in Appendix X1, the terms and symbols
hazard.
used in this practice are defined in Terminology C634.
5.2 The practice has the following limitations:
5.2.1 The practice uses field portable measurement equip-
ment.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E33 on Building
5.2.2 The practice produces data which may be compared
and Environmental Acoustics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
with applicable criteria or limits if the limits are in terms of the
E33.08 on Mechanical and Electrical System Noise.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2016. Published October 2016. Originally
quantities measured in this standard or which can be calculated
approved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as E2202 – 02 (2009).
from the measured data.
DOI: 10.1520/E2202-02R16.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
6. Instrumentation
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
6.1 Requirements:
the ASTM website.
3 6.1.1 Sound level meters and microphones shall conform to
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036. requirements for type 1, as specified by ANSI S1.4.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E2202 − 02 (2016)
6.1.2 Band filter sets shall meet the requirements for Order tative number of passenger stations. Whenever possible, mea-
3, Type 3-D, Extended Range, as specified by ANSI S1.11. surements should be made with the crew member or passenger
6.1.3 Acoustic calibrators shall meet ANSI S1.40. absent. The measurement shall be at the elevation of the center
6.1.4 Noise dosimeters shall meet ANSI S1.25. of the head (80 cm above the seat reference point or, if
standing, at 160 cm above the floor). If practical during each
6.2 Calibration:
measurement, the microphone shall be rotated in a 15 to 30 cm
6.2.1 All noise measurement instrumentation shall have
diameter horizontal circle with the microphone sensing ele-
undergone a complete electro-acoustical calibration in accor-
ment facing up.
dance with manufacturer’s instruction no more than 1 year
prior to the noise measurement. 8.4 Noise Contours—Where the steady-state sound level
6.2.2 The noise measurement instrumentation, including around stationary equipment is 85 dB(A) or greater, the
microphones and filter sets, shall undergo an end to end distances and directions from the noise source at which the
calibration check with an acoustical calibrator prior to the start sound level equals 85 dB(A) shall be determined. The 85
of the measurement, and after completion, on the day of the dB(A) contours shall also be determined for mobile equipment
measurement. If the sensitivity after the measurements differs which could, at times, be stationary. The 85 dB(A) contour
from the sensitivity before the measurement by more than 0.5
shall be determined from measurements made around the noise
dB, the data shall be discarded. source at angular increments not greater than 45 degrees, and
also at the noisiest angle.
7. Test Environment
NOTE 1—The 85 dB(A) contour is the most commonly used. Certain
jurisdictions use other values such as 84 dB(A) or 90 dB(A). For
7.1 Test Site—Equipment shall be tested in its exact operat-
equipment capable of generating very high noise levels additional
ing location if the location is known and such testing is
contours may be specified such as a 103 dB(A) contour within which
feasible. When this is not possible, the test site shall be a
double hearing protection may be required by certain jurisdictions. For
uniform flat paved surface or hemi-anechoic chamber. It shall
these cases, the appropriate contour level shall be measured.
be free of reflecting surfaces such as buildings, trees, or
hillsides within 30 m. A grass surface, free of ice, snow, or
9. Equipment Configuration and Operating Conditions
vegetation over 15 cm tall may be substituted if the equipment
9.1 General—Systems shall be operated as required to
is not normally operated on a paved surface.
accomplish their intended missions or functions. The operating
7.2 Background Noise—When practical, background noise, conditions listed are preferred but other conditions may be
including wind noise, shall be at least 10 dB below that of the
added if they are judged to result in more accurate noise
equipment noise being measured; however, background noise exposure estimates.
shall always be at least 10 dB below the criteria. A windscreen
9.2 Ground Vehicles:
shall be used at wind velocities of 10 km/h or more. Measure-
9.2.1 Equipment Openings—All windows, vents, and access
ments shall not be made at wind velocities of 20 km/h or more.
openings shall be in the normal operation position. If it is
7.3 Surface and Grade for Vehicle Testing—Vehicles shall
possible to operate with these in either the open or closed
be driven along a dry, smooth, paved, and level road (<1 %
positions, both configurations shall be tested.
grade), free from gravel or other loose material. Vehicles
9.2.2 Vehicle Speed and Gear—The vehicle speed shall be
having nonrubber-padded tracks shall be driven on level,
measured by a calibrated speedometer or other velocity mea-
compact earth. Measurements shall not be made when the road
suring device. Measurements shall be made at either 8 or 16
surface is wet, covered with snow or ice, or during precipita-
km/h increments up to the maximum vehicle speed. If 16 km/h
tion.
increments are selected, measurements shall start at 16 km/h
rather than 8 km/h.
8. Measurement Location and Orientation
9.2.3 Load-Carrying Equipment—All load-carrying equip-
8.1 If possible, measure at the probable head position of the
ment shall be operated at the maximum payload including any
occupant of interest with the occupant absent. If an operator
towed trailers at maximum payload.
must be present to operate the equipment under test, measure
9.2.4 All subsystems and auxiliary equipment normally in
the operator position by placing the microphone 15 cm from
use shall be operating. Where heaters and air conditioners may
the more exposed ear. If there is a wall or reflective surface less
be used at the same time (such as humidity control) both shall
than 30 cm from that ear, measure midway between the ear and
be operated. Where both heaters and air conditioners are
the surface.
present, the one producing the higher sound level shall be
operated.
8.2 For ground equipment or watercraft, sound measure-
ments shall be made at:
9.3 Construction and Materials-Handling Equipment:
8.2.1 Each operator or crew position.
9.3.1 Duty cycle testing may be used. Define a duty cycle
8.2.2 Representative positions where one or more individu-
typical of the anticipated use of the equipment. If more than
als (for example, passengers) will be located, and
one type of duty cycle is applicable, specify the most fre-
8.2.3 Occasionally occupied positions during typical opera-
quently used and the noisiest duty cycles.
tion or maintenance of the item or system.
9.3.2 Duty cycles shall be as short as practical and the noise
8.3 For aircraft sound measurements shall be made at or exposure of sufficient cycles shall be measured for a minimum
near the head positions of all crew stations and at a represen- duration of 1 h at rated capacity.
E2202 − 02 (2016)
9.3.3 The equipment shall be operated at a test site typical of 9.6.4.1 With doors, windows, and vents closed, and
the environment in which the equipment is to be used. acoustical/thermal insulation treatment (hereafter referred to
only as acoustical treatment) intact and in place.
9.3.4 Measure the time-averaged A-weighted sound level
9.6.4.2 Doors and windows open, removable acoustic treat-
L (r) at the operator ear position where r is the applicable
avg
ment in place.
exchange rate (see Appendix X1).
NOTE 3—The maximum allowable forward airspeed for this condition
NOTE 2—The exchange rate must be specified if the measurements are
may he less than that specified in 9.6.1.2.
for a jurisdiction which uses exchange rates other than 5 dB per doubling
of time.
9.6.4.3 Doors and windows closed, removable acoustic
treatment out.
9.3.5 If the operator is in a enclosed cab, measure L (r) for
avg
9.6.5 Helicopter Ground Measurements:
cab doors and windows closed and cab doors and windows
9.6.5.1 Positions—Measurements shall be made at the head
open. When the cab doors and windows are closed measure
position of a representative number of normal maintenance
with all heater, air conditioners and other noise-producing cab
locations. These measurements shall be made with the aircraft
auxiliary equipment operating.
on the ground. All subsystems which are normally operated
9.4 Watercraft—Watercraft noise shall be measured under
during ground maintenance (for example, generators,
normal cruise/calm water conditions.
hydraulics, environmental control unit) shall be operating.
9.5 Stationary Equipment: Doors and windows shall be open. All acoustic treatments and
access panels normally removed for maintenance shall be
9.5.1 Speed—All equipment shall be operated at maximum-
removed.
rated continuous duty speed and other speeds at which nor-
9.6.5.2 Conditions:
mally operated.
(1) Engines off, auxiliary power unit (APU) operating (if so
9.5.2 Load—All equipment shall be operated at normal
equipped).
maximum rated load. The exception is that variable-speed
(2) All engines operating with rotors turning at flight-idle
equipment, which is normally operated at less than maximum,
rpm (minimum collective pitch), and the APU operating (if so
shall be operated at two-thirds maximum-rated load.
equipped).
9.5.3 Auxiliary Equipment—All auxiliary equipment nor-
9.6.5.3 Measurement Time—The recording time of each
mally in use shall be operating.
noise data sample shall be sufficient to produce a continuous
9.6 Helicopters:
30-s or longer record of analyzed data.
9.6.1 Flight Conditions—Flight conditions shall include the
10. Data Analysis and Display
following:
9.6.1.1 Hover in ground effect (IGE). The helicopter shall
10.1 Octave band and A-weighted data shall be displayed in
be flown at a height determined by a Z/D ratio of 0.4 6 300 tabular format representing the measured level as dB, slow
mm,
meter response.
10.2 Contours shall be displayed on a sketch, either dimen-
where:
sioned or drawn to scale with the scale reference included.
Z = height of the rotor above the ground, and
D = main rotor diameter.
11. Report
9.6.1.2 Level Flight—At lower forward airspeed of either
11.1 Report the following information:
0.9V or 0.9VNE,
H
11.1.1 Measured Data—Per Section 10.
11.1.2 Measurement Instrumentation—Complete list of cali-
where:
brated instrumentation (for example, microphone, preamplifier,
V = maximum horizontal velocity at maximum continu-
H
sound level meter, calibrator, tape recorder, power supply,
ous power, and
oscilloscope, frequency analyzer) used for measurements,
VNE = velocity never exceeded.
including nomenclature, model, serial number, manufacturer,
9.6.2 Gross Weight and Rotor Speed Conditions—Noise
date of calibration, and period of calibration.
measurements shall be made while the helicopter is in flight at
11.1.3 Equipment Being Measured—Complete identifica-
maximum design gross weight and at normal 65 % of rated
tion of the equipment whose noise is being measured, includ-
rotor speed.
ing nomenclature, type, serial number, mileage (if appropriate),
9.6.3 Helicopter Subsystems and Equipment—The subsys-
and any modifications to the equipment.
tem and equipment which are normally operated continu
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E2202 − 02 (Reapproved 2009) E2202 − 02 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Practice for
Measurement of Equipment-Generated Continuous Noise for
Assessment of Health Hazards
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2202; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This standard defines noise measurement procedures for estimating the risk of hearing loss among users of noise producing
equipment. It is applicable to ground vehicles, aircraft, watercraft, and other mobile, transportable, or stationary equipment.
1.2 This standard does not recommend noise exposure limit levels or criteria for any application discussed.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C634 Terminology Relating to Building and Environmental Acoustics
2.2 ANSI Standards:
ANSI S 1.1 Acoustical Terminology
ANSI S 1.4 Specification for Sound Level Meters
ANSI S 1.11 Specification for Octave-Band and Fractional-Octave-Band Analog and Digital Filters
ANSI S1.25 Specification for Personal Noise Dosimeters
ANSI S 1.40 Specification for Acoustical Calibrators
3. Terminology
3.1 Except as noted in Appendix X1, the terms and symbols used in this practice are defined in Terminology C634.
3.2 The terms specific to nonmandatory Appendix X1 are in X1.2.
4. Summary of Practice
4.1 For most equipment generating steady noise, the A-weighted and octave band levels are measured at locations normally
occupied by personnel. The hazard contours around the equipment are also determined in terms of A-weighted sound levels in
decibels. In some cases, duty cycle testing is used to determine time-weighted average sound levels.
4.2 The operating conditions for specific equipment types are in sections as follows:
4.2.1 Ground vehicles in 8.2 and 9.2.
4.2.2 Construction and material handling equipment in 9.3.
4.2.3 Watercraft in 9.4.
4.2.4 Stationary equipment in 9.5.
4.2.5 Helicopters in 9.6.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 This standard defines measurement procedures for estimating the risk of noise-induced hearing loss among users of noise
producing equipment. It is applicable to ground vehicles, aircraft, watercraft, and mobile, transportable, and stationary equipment.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E33 on Building and Environmental Acoustics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E33.08 on
Mechanical and Electrical System Noise.
Current edition approved April 1, 2009Oct. 1, 2016. Published May 2009October 2016. Originally approved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 20022009 as E2202
– 02. 02 (2009). DOI: 10.1520/E2202-02R09.10.1520/E2202-02R16.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E2202 − 02 (2016)
The primary approach is to separately measure the sound level at operator ear locations for each normal operating condition. These
levels can be combined with operational use scenarios and exposure criteria to define noise exposure severity. The data can also
be used to define hearing protection requirements or administrative controls to preclude hearing hazard.
5.2 The practice has the following limitations:
5.2.1 The practice uses field portable measurement equipment.
5.2.2 The practice produces data which may be compared with applicable criteria or limits if the limits are in terms of the
quantities measured in this standard or which can be calculated from the measured data.
6. Instrumentation
6.1 Requirements:
6.1.1 Sound level meters and microphones shall conform to requirements for type 1, as specified by ANSI S1.4.
6.1.2 Band filter sets shall meet the requirements for Order 3, Type 3-D, Extended Range, as specified by ANSI S1.11.
6.1.3 Acoustic calibrators shall meet ANSI S1.40.
6.1.4 Noise dosimeters shall meet ANSI S1.25.
6.2 Calibration:
6.2.1 All noise measurement instrumentation shall have undergone a complete electro-acoustical calibration in accordance with
manufacturer’s instruction no more than 1 year prior to the noise measurement.
6.2.2 The noise measurement instrumentation, including microphones and filter sets, shall undergo an end to end calibration
check with an acoustical calibrator prior to the start of the measurement, and after completion, on the day of the measurement. If
the sensitivity after the measurements differs from the sensitivity before the measurement by more than 0.5 dB, the data shall be
discarded.
7. Test Environment
7.1 Test Site—Equipment shall be tested in its exact operating location if the location is known and such testing is feasible.
When this is not possible, the test site shall be a uniform flat paved surface or hemi-anechoic chamber. It shall be free of reflecting
surfaces such as buildings, trees, or hillsides within 30 m. A grass surface, free of ice, snow, or vegetation over 15 cm tall may
be substituted if the equipment is not normally operated on a paved surface.
7.2 Background Noise—When practical, background noise, including wind noise, shall be at least 10 dB below that of the
equipment noise being measured; however, background noise shall always be at least 10 dB below the criteria. A windscreen shall
be used at wind velocities of 10 km/h or more. Measurements shall not be made at wind velocities of 20 km/h or more.
7.3 Surface and Grade for Vehicle Testing—Vehicles shall be driven along a dry, smooth, paved, and level road (<1 % grade),
free from gravel or other loose material. Vehicles having nonrubber-padded tracks shall be driven on level, compact earth.
Measurements shall not be made when the road surface is wet, covered with snow or ice, or during precipitation.
8. Measurement Location and Orientation
8.1 If possible, measure at the probable head position of the occupant of interest with the occupant absent. If an operator must
be present to operate the equipment under test, measure the operator position by placing the microphone 15 cm from the more
exposed ear. If there is a wall or reflective surface less than 30 cm from that ear, measure midway between the ear and the surface.
8.2 For ground equipment or watercraft, sound measurements shall be made at:
8.2.1 Each operator or crew position.
8.2.2 Representative positions where one or more individuals (for example, passengers) will be located, and
8.2.3 Occasionally occupied positions during typical operation or maintenance of the item or system.
8.3 For aircraft sound measurements shall be made at or near the head positions of all crew stations and at a representative
number of passenger stations. Whenever possible, measurements should be made with the crew member or passenger absent. The
measurement shall be at the elevation of the center of the head (80 cm above the seat reference point or, if standing, at 160 cm
above the floor). If practical during each measurement, the microphone shall be rotated in a 15 to 30 cm diameter horizontal circle
with the microphone sensing element facing up.
8.4 Noise Contours—Where the steady-state sound level around stationary equipment is 85 dB(A) or greater, the distances and
directions from the noise source at which the sound level equals 85 dB(A) shall be determined. The 85 dB(A) contours shall also
be determined for mobile equipment which could, at times, be stationary. The 85 dB(A) contour shall be determined from
measurements made around the noise source at angular increments not greater than 45 degrees, and also at the noisiest angle.
NOTE 1—The 85 dB(A) contour is the most commonly used. Certain jurisdictions use other values such as 84 dB(A) or 90 dB(A). For equipment
capable of generating very high noise levels additional contours may be specified such as a 103 dB(A) contour within which double hearing protection
may be required by certain jurisdictions. For these cases, the appropriate contour level shall be measured.
E2202 − 02 (2016)
9. Equipment Configuration and Operating Conditions
9.1 General—Systems shall be operated as required to accomplish their intended missions or functions. The operating
conditions listed are preferred but other conditions may be added if they are judged to result in more accurate noise exposure
estimates.
9.2 Ground Vehicles:
9.2.1 Equipment Openings—All windows, vents, and access openings shall be in the normal operation position. If it is possible
to operate with these in either the open or closed positions, both configurations shall be tested.
9.2.2 Vehicle Speed and Gear—The vehicle speed shall be measured by a calibrated speedometer or other velocity measuring
device. Measurements shall be made at either 8 or 16 km/h increments up to the maximum vehicle speed. If 16 km/h increments
are selected, measurements shall start at 16 km/h rather than 8 km/h.
9.2.3 Load-Carrying Equipment—All load-carrying equipment shall be operated at the maximum payload including any towed
trailers at maximum payload.
9.2.4 All subsystems and auxiliary equipment normally in use shall be operating. Where heaters and air conditioners may be
used at the same time (such as humidity control) both shall be operated. Where both heaters and air conditioners are present, the
one producing the higher sound level shall be operated.
9.3 Construction and Materials-Handling Equipment:
9.3.1 Duty cycle testing may be used. Define a duty cycle typical of the anticipated use of the equipment. If more than one type
of duty cycle is applicable, specify the most frequently used and the noisiest duty cycles.
9.3.2 Duty cycles shall be as short as practical and the noise exposure of sufficient cycles shall be measured for a minimum
duration of 1 h at rated capacity.
9.3.3 The equipment shall be operated at a test site typical of the environment in which the equipment is to be used.
9.3.4 Measure the time-averaged A-weighted sound level L (r) at the operator ear position where r is the applicable exchange
avg
rate (see Appendix X1).
NOTE 2—The exchange rate must be specified if the measurements are for a jurisdiction which uses exchange rates other than 5 dB per doubling of
time.
9.3.5 If the operator is in a enclosed cab, measure L (r) for cab doors and windows closed and cab doors and windows open.
avg
When the cab doors and windows are closed measure with all heater, air conditioners and other noise-producing cab auxiliary
equipment operating.
9.4 Watercraft—Watercraft noise shall be measured under normal cruise/calm water conditions.
9.5 Stationary Equipment:
9.5.1 Speed—All equipment shall be operated at maximum-rated continuous duty speed and other speeds at which normally
operated.
9.5.2 Load—All equipment shall be operated at normal maximum rated load. The exception is that variable-speed equipment,
which is normally operated at less than maximum, shall be operated at two-thirds maximum-rated load.
9.5.3 Auxiliary Equipment—All auxiliary equipment normally in use shall be operating.
9.6 Helicopters:
9.6.1 Flight Conditions—Flight conditions shall include the following:
9.6.1.1 Hover in ground effect (IGE). The helicopter shall be flown at a height determined by a Z/D ratio of 0.4 6 300 mm,
where:
Z = height of the rotor above the ground, and
D = main rotor diameter.
9.6.1.2 Level Flight—At lower forward airspeed of either 0.9V or 0.9VNE,
H
where:
V = maximum horizontal velocity at maximum continuous power, and
H
VNE = velocity never exceeded.
9.6.2 Gross Weight and Rotor Speed Conditions—Noise measurements shall be made while the helicopter is in flight at
maximum design gross weight and at normal 65 % of rated rotor speed.
9.6.3 Helicopter Subsystems and Equipment—The subsystem and equipment which are normally operated continuously for
more than five (5) min/h in flight shall be operating during flight noise data acquisition. The heater shall be operated unless an air
conditioner is present and generates a higher sound level; then the air conditioner shall be operated. Where heaters and air
conditioners may be operated at the same time (such as for humidity control) both shall be operated.
9.6.4 Helicopter Configuration—The helicopter shall be operated in the following configurations:
9.6.4.1 With doors, windows, and vents closed, and acoustical/thermal insulation treatment (hereafter referred to only as
acoustical treatment) intact and in place.
E2202 − 02 (2016)
9.6.4.2 Doors and windows open, removable acoustic treatment in place.
NOTE 3—The maximum allowable forward airspeed for this condition may he less than that specified in 9.6.1.2.
9.6.4.3 Doors and windows closed, removable acoustic treatment out.
9.6.5 Helicopter Ground Measurements:
9.6.5.1 Positions—Measurements shall be made at the head position of a representative number of normal maintenance
locations. These measurements shall be made with the aircraft on the ground. All subsystems which are normally operated during
ground maintenance (for example, generators, hydraulics, environmental control unit) shall be operating. Doors and windows shall
be open. All acoustic treatments and access panels normally removed for maintenance shall be removed.
9.6.5.2 Conditions:
9.6.5.2.1 Engines off, auxiliary power unit (APU) operating (if so equipped).
(1) Engines off, auxiliary power unit (APU) operating (if so equipped).
(2) All engines operating with rotors turning at flight-idle rpm (minimum collective pitch), and the APU operating (if so
equipped).
9.6.5.2.2 All engines operating with rotors turning at flight-idle rpm (minimum collective pitch), and the APU operating (if so
equipped).
9.6.5.3 Measurement Time—The recording time of each noi
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.