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ASTM D409/D409M-09

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Grindability of Coal by the Hardgrove-Machine Method

Standard Test Method for Grindability of Coal by the Hardgrove-Machine Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method develops a measurement of grinding or pulverizing characteristics that can be used to evaluate the yield, or energy input, or both, required in a grinding or pulverizing process.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the relative grindability or ease of pulverization of coals in comparison with coals chosen as standards. A prepared and sized sample receives a definite amount of grinding energy in a miniature pulverizer, and the size consist of the pulverized product is determined by sieving. The resultant size consist is used to produce an index relative to the ease of grinding (Hardgrove Grindability Index (HGI)).
1.1.1 Some coals, such as some high-volatile bituminous, subbituminous, and lignite coals, can undergo physical change as the natural or seam moisture is released during handling and preparation. This change is often sufficient to alter the grindability characteristics that will be reported when tested in the laboratory and could produce different indices dependent on the conditions of drying and the moisture level of the 1.18-mm by 600-μm (No. 16 × No. 30) (see Test Method D 4749) materials used for the test. Therefore, the repeatability and reproducibility cited in this test method may not apply for these high-volatile bituminous, subbituminous, and lignite coals.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3 It is recognized that the term weight is considered equivalent to mass as used in this test method.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Apr-2009
ICS
73.040 - Coals
Technical Committee
D05 - Coal and Coke
Drafting Committee
D05.07 - Physical Characteristics of Coal
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D409/D409M-09a - Standard Test Method for Grindability of Coal by the Hardgrove-Machine Method
Effective Date
01-Nov-2009

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ASTM D409/D409M-09 - Standard Test Method for Grindability of Coal by the Hardgrove-Machine MethodASTM D409/D409M-09 - Standard Test Method for Grindability of Coal by the Hardgrove-Machine Method
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ASTM D409/D409M-09 - Standard Test Method for Grindability of Coal by the Hardgrove-Machine Method
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D409/D409M–09
Standard Test Method for
1
Grindability of Coal by the Hardgrove-Machine Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D409/D409M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (ϵ) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
INTRODUCTION
This test method is structured into the following parts:
The body of the test method discusses the scope, referenced documents, significance and use,
apparatus,grosssamples,preparationoftestsamples,procedure,calculationandreport,precisionand
bias, and keywords.
Annex A1 through Annex A5 contain the methods used to prepare, homogenize, and assign HGI
values to the international HGI reference materials (primary HGI RMs) and to calibrate an individual
laboratory’s HGI machine using these HGI RMs.
Annex A1 contains the method to obtain and prepare international HGI standard reference coal
sample feedstock for potential use as international (primary) HGI RMs (reference materials).
AnnexA2 contains the method to divide and containerize the candidate international HGI standard
reference coal samples (candidate RMs) prepared from the feedstock prepared in Annex A1.
AnnexA3containsthemethodforhomogeneitytestingofthecandidateinternationalHGIstandard
reference coal samples (candidate RMs) containerized in Annex A2.
Annex A4 contains the method for determining the Hardgrove grindability index (HGI) to be
assigned to each lot of the candidate international HGI standard reference coal samples (RMs).
AnnexA5 contains the method used to calibrate the individual laboratory’s Hardgrove grindability
machine using the international HGI RMs.
AnnexA6 throughAnnexA10 contain the methods used to prepare, homogenize, and assign HGI
values to the national HGI reference materials (secondary HGI RMs) and to calibrate a national HGI
machine using the international (primary) HGI RMs.
AnnexA6 contains the method to obtain and prepare national HGI standard reference coal sample
feedstock for potential use as national (secondary) HGI RMs (reference materials).
AnnexA7containsthemethodtodivideandcontainerizecandidatenationalHGIstandardreference
coal samples (candidate national RMs) prepared from the feedstock prepared in Annex A6.
Annex A8 contains the method for homogeneity testing of candidate national HGI standard
reference coal samples (candidate national RMs) containerized in Annex A7.
AnnexA9 contains the method for determining the Hardgrove grindability index to be assigned to
each lot of the candidate national HGI standard reference coal samples (national RMs).
AnnexA10 contains the method to calibrate a national Hardgrove machine using the international
(primary) HGI RMs.
AnnexA11 contains the method for determining the moisture content of the 1.18 3 0.60 mm (No.
16 3 30) test sample.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D409/D409M–09
4
1. Scope from Moving Streams
2
E11 SpecificationforWovenWireTestSieveClothandTest
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the
5
Sieves
relative grindability or ease of pulverization of coals in
E826 Practice for Testing Homogeneity of a Metal Lot or
comparison with coals chosen as standards. A prepared and
BatchinSolidFormbySparkAtomicEmissionSpectrom-
sized sample receives a definite amount of grinding energy in
etry
a miniature pulverizer, and the size consist of the pulverized
product is determined by sieving. The resultant size consist is
NOTE 1—Part stream samples should be used for this test only if all
used to produce an index relative to the ease of grinding parties find part stream sampling acceptable.
NOTE 2—If the topsize of the final sample product produced from a
(Hardgrove Grindability Index (HGI)).
mechanical sampling system (whether auger, cross-stream, or cross-belt)
1.1.1 Some coals, such as some high-volatile bituminous,
is smaller than 4.75 mm (No. 4), the sample is unsuitable for this test
subbituminous, and lignite coals, can undergo physical change
procedure.
asthenaturalorseammoistureisreleasedduringhandlingand
preparation. This change is often sufficient to alter the grind- 3. Significance and Use
ability characteristics that will be reported when tested in the
3.1 Thistestmethoddevelopsameasurementofgrindingor
laboratory and could produce different indices dependent on
pulverizing characteristics that can be used to evaluate the
theconditionsofdryingandthemoisturelevelofthe1.18-mm
yield, or energy input, or both, requir
...

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1.2.2 Group B includes all other coals. Unknown coals are to be considered under Group B.  
1.2.3 Group A allows smaller weight laboratory samples to be retained than Group B. These lower weights may be used for particular coals if they have been shown, by using the procedures of A1.2, to give a sample preparation and analysis variance which is no more than 20 % of the total analysis variance.  
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4.1 Briquets of granular bituminous coals and anthracite prepared in accordance with the laboratory procedures of this practice will have flat, scratch-free surfaces suitable for examination with a microscope using reflected light illumination. The polished surfaces of briquettes prepared by this practice will contain particles representative of the original gross sample.  
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Standard Test Method for Bulk Density of Crushed Bituminous Coal

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3.1 This test method concerns the compaction of crushed coal to determine either its compacted or uncompacted bulk density, for purposes such as charging coke ovens.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers two procedures for determining the bulk density of crushed coal less than 37.5 mm [1.5 in.] in size, such as is charged into coke ovens, as follows:  
1.1.1 Procedure A—The cone procedure for determining an uncompacted bulk density.
1.1.1.1 Standard Method—Procedure employs the use of a 115 mm [4.5 in.] chute opening and a measuring box having dimensions of 305 mm x 305 mm x 305 mm [12.0 in. x 12.0 in. x 12.0 in.].
1.1.1.2 Alternate Method—Procedure employs the use of a 203 mm [8.0 in.] chute opening and a measuring box having dimensions of 203 mm x 203 mm x 305 mm [8.0 in. x 8.0 in. x 12.0 in.] for coals with a total moisture greater than 7 %.  
1.1.2 Procedure B—The dropped-coal procedure for determining a compacted bulk density, comparable to actual bulk densities attained in coke ovens.  
1.2 This test method is not applicable to the testing of powdered coal as used in boiler plants, nor to the determination of the bulk density of coal in storage piles.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
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