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ASTM E1696-95b(2001)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Field Measurement of Raised Retroreflective Pavement Markers Using a Portable Retroreflectometer

Standard Test Method for Field Measurement of Raised Retroreflective Pavement Markers Using a Portable Retroreflectometer

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the retroreflective properties of raised retroreflective pavement markers at a prescribed geometry, by means of a portable retroreflectometer that can be used in the field. The measurements can be compared to minimum requirements to determine the need for replacement.  
1.2 The observation angle specified for retroreflectometers in this test method is that currently specified for raised pavement markers in the United States and may differ from the angles used elsewhere. For other jurisdictions, replace the observations angle specified herein with the observation angle specified by the pertinent agency.  
1.3 This test method is intended to be used for field measurement of raised retroreflective pavement markers but may also be used to measure the performance of new markers before they are placed in the field.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5  The standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-2000
ICS
93.080.20 - Road construction materials
Technical Committee
E12 - Color and Appearance
Drafting Committee
E12.10 - Retroreflection
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM E1696-02 - Standard Test Method for Field Measurement of Raised Retroreflective Pavement Markers Using a Portable Retroreflectometer
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002

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ASTM E1696-95b(2001) - Standard Test Method for Field Measurement of Raised Retroreflective Pavement Markers Using a Portable RetroreflectometerASTM E1696-95b(2001) - Standard Test Method for Field Measurement of Raised Retroreflective Pavement Markers Using a Portable Retroreflectometer
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ASTM E1696-95b(2001) - Standard Test Method for Field Measurement of Raised Retroreflective Pavement Markers Using a Portable Retroreflectometer
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Standards Content (Sample)

Designation: E 1696 – 95b (Reapproved 2001)
Standard Test Method for
Field Measurement of Raised Retroreflective Pavement
1
Markers Using a Portable Retroreflectometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1696; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.2.1 coeffıcient of luminous intensity, R , n—of a retrore-
I
flector, ratio of the luminous intensity (I) of the retroreflector in
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the retrore-
the direction of observation to the illuminance (E|nt) at the
flective properties of raised retroreflective pavement markers at
retroreflector on a plane perpendicular to the direction of
a prescribed geometry, by means of a portable retroreflecto-
−1
incident light, expressed in candelas per lux (cd·lx ).
meter that can be used in the field. The measurements can be
3.2.1.1 Discussion—When values are low, the coefficient of
compared to minimum requirements to determine the need for
(retroreflected) luminous intensity may be given in millican-
replacement.
−1
delas per lux (mcd·lx ). R =(I/E|nt).
1.2 The observation angle specified for retroreflectometers I
3.2.2 entrance angle, n—angle between the illumination
in this test method is that currently specified for raised
axis and the retroreflector axis.
pavement markers in the United States and may differ from the
3.2.3 illumination axis, n—line from the effective center of
angles used elsewhere. For other jurisdictions, replace the
the source aperture to the retroreflector center.
observations angle specified herein with the observation angle
3.2.4 observation angle, a, n—the angle between the illu-
specified by the pertinent agency.
mination axis and the observation axis.
1.3 This test method is intended to be used for field
3.2.5 portable retroreflectometer—a hand-held instrument
measurement of raised retroreflective pavement markers but
that can be used in the field or in the laboratory for measure-
may also be used to measure the performance of new markers
ment of retroreflectance.
before they are placed in the field.
3.2.5.1 Discussion—In this test method, “portable retrore-
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
flectometer” refers to a hand-held instrument that can be placed
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
over a raised retroreflective pavement marker to measure the
only.
coefficient of luminous intensity with a prescribed geometry.
1.5 The standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2.6 instrument standard, n—a working standard used to
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
standardize the portable retroreflectometer.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2.7 retroreflection, n—reflection in which the reflected
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
rays are preferentially returned in directions close to the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use
opposite of the direction of the incident rays, this property
2. Referenced Documents being maintained over wide variations of the direction of the
incident rays.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
2
3.2.8 retroreflective element, n—one optical unit which by
E 284 Terminology of Appearance
refraction or reflection or both produces the phenomenon of
E 809 Practice for Measuring Photometric Characteristics
2
retroreflection.
of Retroreflectors
4. Summary of Test Method
3. Terminology
4.1 This test method involves the use of commercial por-
3.1 The terms and definitions in Terminology E 284 are
table retroreflectometers for determining the coefficient of
applicable to this test method.
luminous intensity of pavement markers.
3.2 Definitions—The delimiting phrase “in retroreflection”
4.2 Entrance angle b shall be between 0 and 2°, entrance
applies to each of the following definitions when used outside 1
angle b shall be 0 6 2°.
2
the context of this or other retroreflection standards:
4.3 Unless otherwise specified by the user, the observation
angle shall be 0.2° 6 0.01°.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color
4.4 The observation half plane shall be vertical. Rotation
and Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.10 on
angle shall be 0° (see Fig. 1 and Fig. 2).
Retroreflection.
Current edition approved Oct. 10, 1995. Published December 1995. Originally
4.5 The sum of the aperture angles of source plus receiver
published as E 1696 – 95. Last previous edition E 1696 – 95a.
shall be 0.2° 6 0.04° (see Table 1 of Practice E 809).
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.01.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E 1696
coefficient of (retroreflected) lumi
...

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5.1 Measurements of RI made by this test method, with the 0.2° observation angle, are related to visual observation of raised retroreflective pavement markers at distances of approximately 220 m (720 ft) for cars or approximately 440 m (1440 ft) for trucks when illuminated by tungsten filament light sources such as car headlights.  
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5.1 The quality of the stripe for visibility in daylight or under road lighting is determined by the luminance coefficient under diffuse illumination, Qd, and depends on the materials used, age, and wear pattern. These conditions shall be observed and noted by the user.  
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1.1 This test method covers measurement of the luminance coefficient under diffuse illumination of horizontal pavement markings, such as traffic stripes and surface symbols, and pavement surfaces, in a particular viewing direction using a portable reflectometer.
Note 1: The luminance coefficient under diffuse illumination is a measure of the reflection of horizontal pavement markings and pavement surfaces in a particular viewing direction in daylight or under road lighting. Diffuse illumination approximates daylight illumination from the overcast sky, and road lighting as an average of locations on the pavement surface.  
1.2 The co-viewing angle of the reflectometer affects the readings. As specified by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN), the co-viewing angle shall be 2.29°.  
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5.1 The quality of the pavement marking is determined by the coefficient of retroreflected luminance, RL, and depends on the materials used, age, wear pattern, application method, pavements surface, and other conditions.  
5.2 Under the same conditions of illumination and viewing, larger values of RL correspond to higher levels of visual performance in dark conditions.  
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5.5 The measurement geometry of the MRU is based on a viewing distance of 30 m, a headlight mounting height of 0.65 m directly over the stripe, and an eye height of 1.2 m directly over the marking according to CEN 1436 and Test Method E1710.  
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4.1 The nighttime performance of pavement markings is determined by the coefficient of retroreflected luminance, RL, be it dry or wet, and depends on the materials used, age, and wear pattern. These conditions shall be observed and noted by the user.  
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5.1 This test method produces a measure of retroreflective efficiency (coefficient of retroreflected luminance, RL-2) for a pavement marking system under conditions of continuous wetting. The test result depends on factors such as the pavement marking binder and optic materials, their application, wear from traffic and plowing, wetting rate, and road grade and cross slope.  
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SCOPE
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1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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