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ASTM E1696-02

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Field Measurement of Raised Retroreflective Pavement Markers Using a Portable Retroreflectometer

Standard Test Method for Field Measurement of Raised Retroreflective Pavement Markers Using a Portable Retroreflectometer

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the retroreflective properties of raised retroreflective pavement markers at a prescribed geometry, by means of a portable retroreflectometer that can be used in the field. The measurements can be compared to minimum requirements to determine the need for replacement.
1.2 The observation angle specified for retroreflectometers in this test method is that currently specified for raised pavement markers in the United States and may differ from the angles used elsewhere. For other jurisdictions, replace the observations angle specified herein with the observation angle specified by the pertinent agency.
1.3 This test method is intended to be used for field measurement of raised retroreflective pavement markers but may also be used to measure the performance of new markers before they are placed in the field.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 The standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Jun-2002
ICS
93.080.20 - Road construction materials
Technical Committee
E12 - Color and Appearance
Drafting Committee
E12.10 - Retroreflection
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E1696-95b(2001) - Standard Test Method for Field Measurement of Raised Retroreflective Pavement Markers Using a Portable Retroreflectometer
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002
Replaced By
ASTM E1696-04 - Standard Test Method for Field Measurement of Raised Retroreflective Pavement Markers Using a Portable Retroreflectometer (Withdrawn 2013)
Effective Date
01-May-2004

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ASTM E1696-02 - Standard Test Method for Field Measurement of Raised Retroreflective Pavement Markers Using a Portable RetroreflectometerASTM E1696-02 - Standard Test Method for Field Measurement of Raised Retroreflective Pavement Markers Using a Portable Retroreflectometer
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ASTM E1696-02 - Standard Test Method for Field Measurement of Raised Retroreflective Pavement Markers Using a Portable Retroreflectometer
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E 1696 – 02
Standard Test Method for
Field Measurement of Raised Retroreflective Pavement
1
Markers Using a Portable Retroreflectometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1696; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.2 Definitions—The delimiting phrase “in retroreflection”
applies to each of the following definitions when used outside
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the retrore-
the context of this or other retroreflection standards:
flective properties of raised retroreflective pavement markers at
3.2.1 coeffıcient of luminous intensity, R , n—of a retrore-
a prescribed geometry, by means of a portable retroreflecto- I
flector, ratio of the luminous intensity (I) of the retroreflector in
meter that can be used in the field. The measurements can be
the direction of observation to the illuminance (E|nt) at the
compared to minimum requirements to determine the need for
retroreflector on a plane perpendicular to the direction of
replacement.
−1
incident light, expressed in candelas per lux (cd·lx ).
1.2 The observation angle specified for retroreflectometers
3.2.1.1 Discussion—When values are low, the coefficient of
in this test method is that currently specified for raised
(retroreflected) luminous intensity may be given in millican-
pavement markers in the United States and may differ from the
−1
delas per lux (mcd·lx ). R =(I/E|nt).
I
angles used elsewhere. For other jurisdictions, replace the
3.2.2 entrance angle, n—angle between the illumination
observations angle specified herein with the observation angle
axis and the retroreflector axis.
specified by the pertinent agency.
3.2.3 illumination axis, n—line from the effective center of
1.3 This test method is intended to be used for field
the source aperture to the retroreflector center.
measurement of raised retroreflective pavement markers but
3.2.4 observation angle, a, n—the angle between the illu-
may also be used to measure the performance of new markers
mination axis and the observation axis.
before they are placed in the field.
3.2.5 portable retroreflectometer—a hand-held instrument
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
that can be used in the field or in the laboratory for measure-
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
ment of retroreflectance.
only.
3.2.5.1 Discussion—In this test method, “portable retrore-
1.5 The standard does not purport to address all of the
flectometer” refers to a hand-held instrument that can be placed
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
over a raised retroreflective pavement marker to measure the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
coefficient of luminous intensity with a prescribed geometry.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.2.6 instrument standard, n—a working standard used to
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use
standardize the portable retroreflectometer.
2. Referenced Documents 3.2.7 retroreflection, n—reflection in which the reflected
rays are preferentially returned in directions close to the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
2
opposite of the direction of the incident rays, this property
E 284 Terminology of Appearance
being maintained over wide variations of the direction of the
E 809 Practice for Measuring Photometric Characteristics
2
incident rays.
of Retroreflectors
3.2.8 retroreflective element, n—one optical unit which by
3. Terminology
refraction or reflection or both produces the phenomenon of
retroreflection.
3.1 The terms and definitions in Terminology E 284 are
applicable to this test method.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 This test method involves the use of commercial por-
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color
table retroreflectometers for determining the coefficient of
and Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.10 on
luminous intensity of pavement markers.
Retroreflection.
4.2 Entrance angle component b shall be between −2° and
1
Current edition approved June 10, 2002. Published August 2002 . Originally
0°; entrance angle component b shall be 0° 62°.
published as E 1696 – 95. Last previous edition E 1696 – 95b (2001).
2
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.01.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E 1696
4.3 Unless otherwise specified by the user, the observation 5.2 The coefficient of luminous intensity of raised retrore-
angle shall be 0.2° 6
...

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Standard Test Method for Field Measurement of Raised Retroreflective Pavement Markers Using a Portable Retroreflectometer

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5.1 Measurements of RI made by this test method, with the 0.2° observation angle, are related to visual observation of raised retroreflective pavement markers at distances of approximately 220 m (720 ft) for cars or approximately 440 m (1440 ft) for trucks when illuminated by tungsten filament light sources such as car headlights.  
5.2 There are some castings that block vehicle illumination of a portion of the marker mounted within it. In this case, measured RI can be significantly lower than when the marker is photometered outside the casting, but will correspond to the visual observation.  
5.3 The test method is not applicable to raised pavement markers mounted in depressions cut into the pavement.  
5.4 The coefficient of luminous intensity of raised retroreflective pavement markers degrades with traffic wear and requires periodic measurement to ensure that sufficient visibility is provided to the driver.  
5.5 The quality of the pavement markers as to materials used, age and wear pattern, will have an effect on the coefficient of (retroreflected) luminous intensity. These conditions need to be observed and noted by the user.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the retroreflective properties of raised retroreflective pavement markers at a prescribed geometry, by means of a portable retroreflectometer that can be used in the field. The measurements can be compared to minimum requirements to determine the need for replacement.  
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1.3 This test method is intended to be used for field measurement of raised retroreflective pavement markers but may also be used to measure the performance of new markers before they are placed in the field.  
1.4 This test method covers measurements of raised pavement markers mounted on a road surface or mounted in snow-plowable metal castings.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
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Standard Test Method for Measurement of the Luminance Coefficient Under Diffuse Illumination of Pavement Marking Materials Using a Portable Reflectometer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The quality of the stripe for visibility in daylight or under road lighting is determined by the luminance coefficient under diffuse illumination, Qd, and depends on the materials used, age, and wear pattern. These conditions shall be observed and noted by the user.  
5.2 Under the same conditions of illumination and viewing, higher levels of Qd correspond to higher levels of lightness.  
5.3 Reflectivity of pavement (road) markings degrade with traffic wear and require periodic measurement to ensure that sufficient line visibility is provided to drivers.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers measurement of the luminance coefficient under diffuse illumination of horizontal pavement markings, such as traffic stripes and surface symbols, and pavement surfaces, in a particular viewing direction using a portable reflectometer.
Note 1: The luminance coefficient under diffuse illumination is a measure of the reflection of horizontal pavement markings and pavement surfaces in a particular viewing direction in daylight or under road lighting. Diffuse illumination approximates daylight illumination from the overcast sky, and road lighting as an average of locations on the pavement surface.  
1.2 The co-viewing angle of the reflectometer affects the readings. As specified by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN), the co-viewing angle shall be 2.29°.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The quality of the pavement marking is determined by the coefficient of retroreflected luminance, RL, and depends on the materials used, age, wear pattern, application method, pavements surface, and other conditions.  
5.2 Under the same conditions of illumination and viewing, larger values of RL correspond to higher levels of visual performance in dark conditions.  
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5.5 The measurement geometry of the MRU is based on a viewing distance of 30 m, a headlight mounting height of 0.65 m directly over the stripe, and an eye height of 1.2 m directly over the marking according to CEN 1436 and Test Method E1710.  
5.6 MRUs are to be calibrated, maintained, and operated according to instructions by the instrument supplier or manufacturer.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers measurement of the retroreflective properties of horizontal pavement marking materials containing retroreflecting optics, such as traffic stripes and surface symbols, using a mobile retroreflectometer unit that can be operated at traffic speed, mounted on a vehicle to measure the retroreflection at a prescribed geometry.  
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4.1 The nighttime performance of pavement markings is determined by the coefficient of retroreflected luminance, RL, be it dry or wet, and depends on the materials used, age, and wear pattern. These conditions shall be observed and noted by the user.  
4.2 Under the same conditions of headlight illumination and driver’s viewing, larger values of RL correspond to higher levels of visual performance at corresponding geometry.  
4.3 The pavement marking’s measured performance in the condition of wet recovery is used to characterize the performance of the marking on the road when wet.  
4.4 Newly installed pavement markings may have a natural surface tension or release agents that prevent wetting of the product by water. The water will tend to “bead up” on the marking. This “non wetting” condition is usually short lived. Pavement markings that have been on the road for one month prior to testing usually do not exhibit this non-wetting phenomenon. (Warning—This phenomenon produces an interference when assessing the wet characteristics of a pavement marking. Attempts to measure markings with this surface “non-wetting” or “beading” of the water may give higher values.)  
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5.1 This test method produces a measure of retroreflective efficiency (coefficient of retroreflected luminance, RL-2) for a pavement marking system under conditions of continuous wetting. The test result depends on factors such as the pavement marking binder and optic materials, their application, wear from traffic and plowing, wetting rate, and road grade and cross slope.  
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1.1 This test method covers a measurement of the wet retroreflective (RL-2) properties of horizontal pavement marking materials, such as traffic stripes and road surface symbols. A standardized method utilizing a standardized continuous wetting device and a portable retroreflectometer is described to obtain measurements of the wet retroreflective properties of horizontal pavement markings.  
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Note 1: Test Method E2177 may be used to describe the retroreflective properties of pavement markings in conditions of wetness, such as after a period of rain.  
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SCOPE
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SCOPE
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1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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