ASTM D2922-01
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Density of Soil and Soil-Aggregate in Place by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth)
Standard Test Methods for Density of Soil and Soil-Aggregate in Place by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth)
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the total or wet density of soil and soil-rock mixtures by the attenuation of gamma radiation where the source and detector(s) remain on the surface (Backscatter Method) or the source or detector is placed at a known depth up to 300 mm (12 in.) while the detector(s) or source remains on the surface (Direct Transmission Method).
1.2 The density in mass per unit volume of the material under test is determined by comparing the detected rate of gamma radiation with previously established calibration data.
1.3 The values tested in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound equivalents may be approximate.
1.4 It is common practice in the engineering profession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit of mass (lbm) and a unit of force (lbf). This implicitly combines two separate systems of units; that is, the absolute system and the gravitational system. It is scientifically undesirable to combine the use of two separate sets of inch-pound units within a single standard. This standard has been written using the gravitational system of units when dealing with the inch-pound system. In this system the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight). However, the use of balances or scales recording pounds of mass (lbm), or the recording of density in lbm/ft3 should not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific Hazard statements, see Section 6.
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Please contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation:D2922–01
Standard Test Methods for
Density of Soil and Soil-Aggregate in Place by Nuclear
1
Methods (Shallow Depth)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2922; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (ϵ) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
3
1. Scope teristics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft
3
2
(600 kN-m/m ))
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the total
D1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Charac-
or wet density of soil and soil-rock mixtures by the attenuation
teristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/
ofgammaradiationwherethesourceanddetector(s)remainon
3 3 2
ft (2,700 kN-m/m ))
the surface (Backscatter Method) or the source or detector is
D2216 TestMethodforLaboratoryDeterminationofWater
placed at a known depth up to 300 mm (12 in.) while the
2
(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
detector(s) or source remains on the surface (Direct Transmis-
D3017 Test Method for Water Content of Soil and Rock
sion Method).
2
In-Place by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth)
1.2 The density in mass per unit volume of the material
D4253 Test Method for Maximum Index Density and Unit
under test is determined by comparing the detected rate of
2
Weight of Soils Using a Vibratory Table
gamma radiation with previously established calibration data.
D4643 TestMethodforDeterminationofWaterContentby
1.3 The values tested in SI units are to be regarded as the
2
the Microwave Oven Heating
standard. The inch-pound equivalents may be approximate.
D4718 Practice for Correction of Unit Weight and Water
1.4 It is common practice in the engineering profession to
2
Content for Soils Containing Oversize Particles
concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit of mass (lbm)
D4944 Test Method for Field Determination of Water
and a unit of force (lbf).This implicitly combines two separate
(Moisture) Content of Soil by the Calcium Carbide Gas
systems of units; that is, the absolute system and the gravita-
2
Pressure Tester Method
tionalsystem.Itisscientificallyundesirabletocombinetheuse
D4959 Test Method for Determination ofWater (Moisture)
of two separate sets of inch-pound units within a single
2
Content by Direct Heating
standard. These test methods have been written using the
gravitationalsystemofunitswhendealingwiththeinch-pound
3. Significance and Use
system.Inthissystemthepound(lbf)representsaunitofforce
3.1 The test methods described are useful as rapid, nonde-
(weight). However, the use of balances or scales recording
3 structivetechniquesforthein-placedeterminationofdensityof
pounds of mass (lbm), or the recording of density in lbm/ft
soil and rock.
should not be regarded as nonconformance with these test
3.2 The test methods are suitable for quality control and
methods.
acceptance testing for construction and for research and
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
development applications.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.3 The nondestructive nature of the tests allow repetitive
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
measurements to be made at a single test location.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bilityofregulatorylimitationspriortouse.ForspecificHazard
4. Interferences
statements, see Section 6.
4.1 The chemical composition of the sample may affect the
2. Referenced Documents measurement, and adjustments may be necessary.
4.2 The test methods exhibit spatial bias in that the instru-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
ment is more sensitive to the density of the material in close
D698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Charac-
proximity to the surface (Backscatter Method only).
NOTE 1—The nuclear gauge density measurements are somewhat
1
ThesetestmethodsareunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoil
biased to the surface layers of the soil being tested. This bias has largely
and Rock and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.08 on Special and
Construction Control Tests.
Current edition approved June 10, 2001. Published August 2001. Originally
ϵ1 2
published as D2922–71. Last previous edition D2922–96 . Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Please contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D292
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