ASTM E2316-14(2019)e1

Standard Test Method for Determination of Particles Resulting from the Attrition of Granular Pesticides

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed specifically for granular pesticide formulations.  
5.2 This test method helps provide information on health hazards likely to arise from exposures by the inhalation route. It can be of use in selecting dose levels for chronic studies and for establishing safety criteria for human exposure.  
5.3 The amount of fines determined by this method is a measure of potential inhalation and respiration toxicity because the hazards of inhaled solid substances are influenced by physical factors such as particle size.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to determine the amount and particle size distribution curve of particles with diameter 106 micrometers or smaller resulting from the attrition of granular pesticides.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statement, see Section 8.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Sep-2019
• ICS: 65.100.01 - Pesticides and other agrochemicals in general
• Technical Committee: E35 - Pesticides, Antimicrobials, and Alternative Control Agents
• Drafting Committee: E35.22 - Pesticide Formulations and Delivery Systems

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM E2316-14 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Particles Resulting from the Attrition of Granular Pesticides
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2019
• Refers: ASTM E11-13 - Standard Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2013
• Refers: ASTM E11-09e1 - Standard Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves
• Effective Date: 01-May-2009
• Refers: ASTM E725-96(2006) - Standard Test Method for Sampling Granular Carriers and Granular Pesticides
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2006
• Refers: ASTM E11-04 - Standard Specification for Wire Cloth and Sieves for Testing Purposes
• Effective Date: 01-May-2004
• Refers: ASTM E11-95 - Standard Specification for Wire Cloth and Sieves for Testing Purposes
• Effective Date: 10-May-2001
• Refers: ASTM E11-01 - Standard Specification for Wire Cloth and Sieves for Testing Purposes
• Effective Date: 10-May-2001
• Refers: ASTM E725-96(2001) - Standard Test Method for Sampling Granular Carriers and Granular Pesticides
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2001
• Refers: ASTM E725-96 - Standard Test Method for Sampling Granular Carriers and Granular Pesticides
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2001

Overview

ASTM E2316-14(2019)e1 is the international standard test method for the Determination of Particles Resulting from the Attrition of Granular Pesticides. Developed by ASTM International, this test method is specifically designed to measure both the amount and the particle size distribution of fines-defined as particles 106 micrometers or smaller-that are produced when granular pesticide formulations undergo attrition. Understanding the fines generated during handling and use of granular pesticides is critical for evaluating the potential health hazards associated with inhalation exposure and for regulatory compliance.

Key Topics

• Granular pesticide attrition: Focuses on the generation of smaller particles ("fines") during the mechanical handling of pesticide granules.
• Health and safety implications: Quantifies fine particles that may pose inhalation and respiratory risks to humans and animals.
• Particle size measurement: Specifies determination of a particle size distribution curve for particles of 106 µm or less, a parameter critical for assessing inhalation hazards.
• Test procedure: Outlines a controlled laboratory process involving sieving, rolling with glass beads, and laser diffraction analysis to quantify and characterize fines.
• Reporting and analysis: Provides standardized calculations and reporting formats to ensure consistency in results.
• Regulatory alignment: Developed under World Trade Organization (WTO) principles to facilitate global applicability and consistency with trade regulations.
• Safety Practices: Emphasizes the importance of appropriate safety, health, and environmental controls during testing.

Applications

Implementing ASTM E2316-14(2019)e1 offers practical value across the pesticide industry and regulatory sectors, including:

• Pesticide Formulation Development
  • Helps manufacturers assess the physical stability of their products, ensuring minimal attrition and reduced potential for airborne fines.
• Health Hazard Assessment
  • Provides data essential for determining inhalation exposure risks, supporting occupational health studies, and setting exposure limits.
• Regulatory Compliance
  • Supports regulatory submissions by documenting the propensity of a granular pesticide to generate respirable fines, a factor in determining safe handling requirements.
• Product Quality Control
  • Enables robust, repeatable quality control testing for batch-to-batch consistency and risk mitigation.
• Chronic Toxicity Studies
  • Assists in dose selection for long-term animal exposure studies by quantifying likely inhalation exposure from generated fines.
• Environmental Safety Evaluation
  • Assists in evaluating the environmental release of fine particles that may affect non-target organisms.

Related Standards

ASTM E2316-14(2019)e1 references and is complemented by several related standards and test methods:

• ASTM E11 – Specification for woven wire test sieve cloth and test sieves, used for precise particle segregation.
• ASTM E725 – Test method for sampling granular carriers and granular pesticides, ensuring representative test samples.
• CIPAC MT 187 – Particle size analysis by laser diffraction, applied in the distribution curve analysis per this method.

Adherence to these related standards ensures accuracy, repeatability, and traceability when determining the amount and distribution of fines resulting from granular pesticide attrition.

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Keywords: granular pesticides, attrition, inhalation toxicity, fines analysis, particle size distribution, ASTM E2316, health hazard assessment, pesticide safety standard, regulatory compliance, occupational exposure

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ϵ1
Designation: E2316 − 14 (Reapproved 2019)
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Particles Resulting from the Attrition of
Granular Pesticides
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2316; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Sections 2.2 and 8.1 were editorially corrected in November 2019.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This test method is used to determine the amount and 3.1 Definitions:
particle size distribution curve of particles with diameter 106 3.1.1 fines—a synonym for particles with diameter of 106
micrometers or smaller resulting from the attrition of granular micrometers or smaller.
pesticides.
3.1.2 micron and µm— synonyms for micrometer.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
4. Summary of Test Method
standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the 4.1 The initial weight of a test sample of granular pesticide
is determined. The sample is then air jet sieved using 106
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- micron openings to remove the inherent fines. The fines-free
granules are then combined with glass beads in a glass jar, the
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. lid is placed on the jar, and the jar is placed on a roller system
with a drive bed capable of rotating the jar at a known rpm.
For specific hazard statement, see Section 8.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor- After rolling for a specified time period, the jar is removed
from the rollers and the contents of the jar are poured through
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
a sieve sized to remove the glass beads. The sample minus the
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
glassbeadsisagainairjetsievedusing106micronopeningsto
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
remove the fines attrited during the rolling of the jar. The total
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. of particles smaller than 106 microns for the test sample is the
inherent fines plus the attrited fines. The particle size distribu-
2. Referenced Documents
tion curve of the combined inherent and attrited fines is
determined by laser light diffraction using CIPAC Test Method
2.1 ASTM Standards:
MT 187.
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test
Sieves
5. Significance and Use
E725 Test Method for Sampling Granular Carriers and
Granular Pesticides
5.1 This test method is designed specifically for granular
2.2 CIPAC Standard:
pesticide formulations.
CIPAC Test Method MT187 Particle SizeAnalysis by Laser
5.2 This test method helps provide information on health
Diffraction
hazards likely to arise from exposures by the inhalation route.
It can be of use in selecting dose levels for chronic studies and
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E35 on for establishing safety criteria for human exposure.
Pesticides, Antimicrobials, and Alternative Control Agentsand is the direct respon-
5.3 The amount of fines determined by this method is a
sibility of Subcommittee E35.22 on Pesticide Formulations and Delivery Systems.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2019. Published November 2019. Originally measureofpotentialinhalationandrespirationtoxicitybecause
approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as E2316–14. DOI:
the hazards of inhaled solid substances are influenced by
10.1520/E2316-14R19E01.
physical factors such as particle size.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on 6. Apparatus
theASTM website.
6.1 Roller System, two or more rollers with a drive bed,
The size distribution of the particles with sieve diameter less than 106 µm is
determined by laser light diffraction using CIPAC Test Method MT 187. capable of rotating the specified glass jar at 75 6 15 rpm.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
ϵ1
E2316 − 14 (2019)
6.2 Glass Jar,withlid,capacity~500mL,outerdiameter~8 11.3 Weigh the cyclone collection jar to the nearest 0.01 g
cm, height ~15 cm. and record as J1. Attach the jar to the apparatus.
6.3 Glass Beads, diameter 4.0 6 0.2 mm, bulk density ~1.5 11.4 Measure and record the relative humidity of the air that
will come in contact with the granules. In the absence of
g/cc.
humidity controlled air, the air of concern will be the air of the
6.4 Micron Air Jet Sieve, with GAZ 125 cyclone fines
room in which the tests are performed.
collector or Alpine Air Jet Sieve, with GAZ 125 cyclone fines
11.5 Place the 106 µm sieve in the air jet manifold of the
collector, or equivalent.
Micron Air Jet Sieve or Alpine Air Jet Sieve. Gently transfer
6.5 Sieves, U.S. standard series conforming to Specification
the entire test sample to the sieve and put the sieve cover in
E11, diameter 8 in. (203 mm), height 2 in. (51 mm): 10-mesh
place. Set the timer for 3 min. Start the vacuum and adjust the
(2 mm openings), 140-mesh (106 µm openings).
vacuum gauge to read 7 to 9 in. of water (1.7 to 2.4 kPa).
NOTE 1—The amount of particles with sieve diameter 106 µm or
During the sieving period, material adhering to the sieve cover
smaller is determined by sieving.
or sieve sides may be loosened by use of tapping or by use of
6.6 Balance, sensitivity of 0.01 g.
trace amounts of anti-static compound.
6.7 Hygrometer, minimum range of 25 to 95 % relative
11.6 After sieving, determine to the nearest 0.01 g the
humidity.
weight of granules retained on the sieve and record the weight
6.8 Apparatus specified in CIPAC Test Method MT 187.
as R1 (granules minus inherent fines).
11.7 Determine to the nearest 0.01 g the weight of the
7. Reagents and Materials
cyclone collection jar plus inherent fines and record the weight
7.1 Granular pesticide to be tested.
as J2. Leave the fines in the jar. Reattach the jar to the
7.2 Reagents and materials specified in CIPAC Test Method apparatus.
MT 187.
11.8 Calculate the weight per cent, to the nearest 0.1 %, of
the inherent fin
...