ASTM D5202-91(1997)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determining Triaxial Compression Creep Strength of Chemical Grouted Soils
Standard Test Method for Determining Triaxial Compression Creep Strength of Chemical Grouted Soils
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of long term strength and deformation of a cylindrical specimen of either a (undisturbed) field sample or laboratory-fabricated chemical grouted soil when it is sheared undrained in compression under a constant sustained load. Note 1-The voids of chemical grouted soils are most often substantially filled with grout. Thus, pore pressures are unlikely to develop. This test method is not applicable to partially grouted soils in which substantial pore pressures may develop. If pore pressures must be measured, reference is made to Test Method D4767 for equipment and procedures.
1.2 This test method provides data useful in determining strength and deformation properties of chemical grouted soils subjected to sustained loads. Mohr strength envelopes may also be determined.
1.3 The determination of strength envelopes and the development of relationships to aid in interpreting and evaluating test results are left to the engineer or office requesting the test.
1.4 The values stated in either SI or inch-pound units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values in each system may not be exact equivalents, therefore, each system must be used independently of the other, without combining values in any way.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation: D 5202 – 91 (Reapproved 1997)
Standard Test Method for
Determining Triaxial Compression Creep Strength of
Chemical Grouted Soils
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5202; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D 4219 Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strength
Index Test of Chemical-Grouted Soils
1.1 This test method covers the determination of long term
D 4320 Test Method for Laboratory Preparation of Chemi-
strength and deformation of a cylindrical specimen of either a
cally Grouted Soil Specimens for Obtaining Design
(undisturbed) field sample or laboratory-fabricated chemical
Strength Parameters
grouted soil when it is sheared undrained in compression under
D 4767 Test Method for Consolidated Undrained Triaxial
a constant sustained load.
Compression Test on Cohesive Soils
NOTE 1—The voids of chemical grouted soils are most often substan-
tially filled with grout. Thus, pore pressures are unlikely to develop. This
3. Terminology
test method is not applicable to partially grouted soils in which substantial
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
pore pressures may develop. If pore pressures must be measured,
3.1.1 failure—in creep studies, the stress condition at ex-
reference is made to Test Method D 4767 for equipment and procedures.
cessive (15 to 20 %) strain, or at continuing strain leading to
1.2 This test method provides data useful in determining
fracture.
strength and deformation properties of chemical grouted soils
subjected to sustained loads. Mohr strength envelopes may also
4. Significance and Use
be determined.
4.1 Data from these tests may be used for structural design
1.3 The determination of strength envelopes and the devel-
purposes. Adequate safety factors, based on engineering judg-
opment of relationships to aid in interpreting and evaluating
ment must be determined by the user.
test results are left to the engineer or office requesting the test.
NOTE 2—Sampling procedures for in-situ specimens have a major
1.4 The values stated in either SI or inch-pound units shall
influence on test results. Specimens carefully trimmed in the laboratory
be regarded separately as standard. The values in each system
from large block samples taken in the field have the least chance of
may not be exact equivalents, therefore, each system must be
fracturing prior to testing. Sample preparation methods of laboratory-
used independently of the other, without combining values in
fabricated specimens also have a major influence on test results. Speci-
any way.
mens should be fabricated in accordance with Test Method D 4320.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
5. Apparatus
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
5.1 The requirements for equipment needed to perform
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
satisfactory tests are given in the following sections:
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5.2 Axial Loading Device—The axial compression device
may be a dead weight system, a pneumatic or hydraulic load
2. Referenced Documents
cell, or any other device capable of applying and maintaining
2.1 ASTM Standards:
desired constant loads to the accuracy prescribed for the load
D 422 Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils
measuring device.
D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
5.3 Axial Load-Measuring Device—The axial load-
Fluids
measuring device may be a load ring, electronic load cell,
D 854 Test Method for Specific Gravity of Soils
hydraulic load cell, or any other load-measuring device capable
D 2850 Test Method for Unconsolidated, Undrained
of the accuracy prescribed in this subsection and may be part
Strength of Cohesive Soils in Triaxial Compression
of the axial loading device. The axial load-measuring device
shall be capable of measuring the axial load to an accuracy of
within 6 1 % of the axial load at failure. If the load-measuring
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and
device is located inside the triaxial chamber it shall be
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.15 on Stabilization With
insensitive to horizontal forces and to the magnitude of the
Admixtures.
Current edition approved Dec. 23, 1991. Published January 1992.
chamber pressure.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08.
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 5202
5.4 Triaxial Compression Chamber—The triaxial chamber the piston and specimen cap contact area shall be designed so
shall consist of a headplate and a baseplate separated by a that tilting of the specimen cap during the test is minimal. The
cylinder. The size of the cylinder should be enough to yield a cylindrical surface of the specimen base and cap that contacts
minimum annular clearance of ⁄2 in. (12 mm) with the untested the membrane to form a seal shall be smooth and free of
specimen. The cylinder may be constructed of any material scratches.
capable of withstanding the applied pressures. It is desirable to 5.10 Rubber Membrane—The rubber membrane used to
use a transparent material or have a cylinder provided with encase the specimen shall provide reliable protection against
viewing ports so the behavior of the specimen may be leakage. To check a membrane for leakage, the membrane shall
observed. The headplate shall have a vent valve such that air be placed around a cylindrical form, sealed at both ends with
can be forced out of the chamber as it is filled. The baseplate rubber O-rings, subjected to a small air pressure on the inside,
shall have an inlet through which the pressure liquid is supplied and immersed in water. If air bubbles appear from any point on
to the chamber, and appropriate connections for the specimen the membrane, it shall be rejected. To offer minimum restraint
base. to the specimen, the unstretched membranes diameter shall be
between 90 and 95 % of that specimen. The membrane
5.5 Axial Load Piston—The piston passing through the top
of the chamber and its seal must be designed so the variation thickness shall not exceed 1 % of the diameter of the specimen.
The membrane shall be sealed to the specimen cap and base
in the axial load due to friction does not exceed 0.1 % of the
axial load at failure and so there is negligible lateral bending of with rubber O-rings with an unstressed inside diameter be-
tween 75 and 85 % of the diameter of the cap and base, or by
the piston during loading. Alternatively, the apparatus may be
calibrated, and a correction for friction may be made. other means that will provide a positive seal. An equation for
correcting deviator stress (principal stress difference) for the
NOTE 3—The use of two linear ball bushings to guide the piston is
effect of the stiffness of the membrane is given in 10.3.
recommended to minimize friction and maintain alignment.
5.11 Specimen-Size Measurement Devices—Devices used
NOTE 4—A minimum piston diameter of ⁄6the specimen diameter has
to determine the height and diameter of the specimen shall
been used successfully in many laboratories to minimize lateral bending.
measure the respective dimensions to within 6 0.1 % of the
5.6 Pressure Control Devices—The chamber pressure con-
total dimension and be constructed such that their use will not
trol devices shall be capable of applying and controlling
disturb the specimen.
pressures to within 6 0.25 psi (2 kPa) for pressures less than
NOTE 5—Circumferential measuring tapes are recommended over cali-
28 psi (200 kPa) and to within 6 1 % for pressures greater than
pers for measuring the diameter.
28 psi (200 kPa). The device may consist of self compensating
5.12 Recorders—Specimen behavior may be recorded
mercury pots, pneumatic pressure regulators, or any other
manually or by electronic digital or analog recorders. If
device capable of applying and controlling pressures to the
electronic recorders are used, it shall be necessary to calibrate
required tolerances.
the measuring devices through the recorder using known input
5.7 Pressure-Measurement Devices—The chamber pressure
standards.
measuring devices shall be capable of measuring pressures to
5.13 Weighing Device—The specimen weighing device
the tolerances given in 5.6. They may consist of Bourdon
shall determine the mass of the specimen to an accuracy of
gages, pressures manometers, electronic pressure transducers,
within 6 0.05 % of the total mass of the specimen.
or any other device capable of measuring to the stated
5.14 Testing Environment—Perform the test in an environ-
tolerances.
ment where temperature fluctuations are less than 6 7.2°F (6
5.8 Deformation Indicator—The vertical deformation of the
4°C) and there is no direct contact with sunlight.
specimen is usually determined from the travel of the piston
5.15 Miscellaneous Apparatus—Specimen trimming and
acting on top of the specimen. The piston travel shall be
carving tools including a wire saw, steel straightedge, miter
measured with an accuracy of at least 6 0.2 % of the initial
box and vertical trimming lath, may be needed for field
specimen height. The deformation indicator shall have a travel
samples. Apparatus for preparing laboratory specimens is
range of at least 20 % of the initial height of the specimen and
detailed in Test Method D 4320. Membranes and O-ring
may be a dial indicator, linear variable differential transformer
expander, water content cans, and data sheets shall be provided
(LVDT), extensometer, or other measuring device meeting the
as required.
requirements for accuracy and range.
5.9 Specimen Cap and Base—The specimen cap and base
6. Test Specimen Preparation
shall be constructed of a rigid, noncorrosive, impermeable
6.1 Fabricate specimens as described in Test Method
material, and shall have a circular plane surface of contact with
D 4320, or carefully trim from samples taken in the field.
the specimen and a circular cross section. The weight of the
6.2 Specimen Size—Specimens shall be cylindrical and
specimen cap shall be less than 0.5 % of the applied axial load
have a minimum diameter of 1.3 in. (3.3 cm). The height-to-
at failure or less than 0.1 lb (50 g). The diameter of the cap and
diameter ratio shall be between 2.5 and 3.0. The largest particle
base shall be equal to the initial diameter of the specimen. The
size shall be smaller than ⁄6 the specimen diameter. If, after
specimen base shall be connected to the triaxial compression
completion of a test, it is found based on visual observation
chamber to prevent lateral motion or tilting, and the specimen
that oversize particles are present, indicate this information in
cap shall be designed to receive the piston such that eccentric-
the report of test data (see Section 11).
ity of the piston-to-cap contact relative to the vertical axis of
the specimen does not exceed 0.05 in. (0.13 cm). The end of NOTE 6—If oversize particles are found in the specimen after testing, a
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 5202
particle-size analysis performed in accordance with Method D 422 may be
piston produced by the chamber pressure and later correct the
performed to confirm the visual observation and the results provided with
measured axial load, or adjust the axial load measuring device
the test report (see Section 11).
to compensate for the friction and thrust. The variation in the
axial load-measuring device reading should not exceed 0.1 %
6.3 Specimen Measurement—Measure height of specimens
at 120° intervals. Diameter shall be measured at three places. of the estimated failure load when the piston is moving
downward prior to contacting the specimen cap. If the axial
Immediately record weight after trimming of fabrication.
load-measuring device is located inside the chamber, it will not
7. Specimen Mounting
be necessary to correct or compensate for the uplift force acting
on the axial loading device or for piston friction. However, if
7.1 Preparations—Before mounting the specimen in the
an internal load measuring device of significant flexibility is
triaxial chamber, make the following preparations:
used in combination with an external deformation indicator,
7.1.1 If deemed necessary, check the rubber membrane for
correction of the deformation readings may be necessary.
leaks (see 5.10).
8.2.3 Axial Loading—Apply axial load to the specimen.
7.1.2 Place the membrane on the membrane expander or, if
Load should be applied as quickly as possible without causing
it is to be rolled onto the specimen, roll the membrane on the
impact stresses. The applied axial load shall be a major portion
cap or base.
of the short term ultimate load, as defined by Test Method
7.1.3 Attach the pressure-control and pressure measurement
D 4219, or other test methods. Test additional specimens at
system to the chamber base.
lesser portions of the short term ultimate. The actual values
7.1.4 Place the rubber membrane around the specimen and
used shall be approximately:
seal it at the cap and base with two rubber O-rings or other
Specimen Number Percent of Short Term Ultimate
positive seal at each end. A thin coating of silicon grease on the
vertical surfaces of the cap and base will aid in sealing the
membrane.
7.1.5 Check the alignment of the specimen and the speci-
men cap. If there is any eccentricity, realign the specimen and
cap.
For each different axial load, determine the chamber pres-
sure as specified in 8.1.2, and Note 7. Measure specimen
8. Procedure
compression at the following time intervals after the start of
8.1 After assembling the triaxial chamber, perform the
loading: 0.25, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49 and 64 min, then every
following operations:
hour for 4 h, every day for ten days, then every three to four
8.1.1 Bring the axial load piston into contact with the
days till the end of the test. If fracture does not occur within 90
specimen cap several times to permit proper seating and
days, the test may be terminated.
alignment of the piston with the cap. During this procedure,
...
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