ASTM D4857-00
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determination of the Ability of Lubricants to Minimize Ring Sticking and Piston Deposits in Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engines Other Than Outboards
Standard Test Method for Determination of the Ability of Lubricants to Minimize Ring Sticking and Piston Deposits in Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engines Other Than Outboards
SCOPE
1.1 This test method evaluates the performance of lubricants intended for use in two-stroke-cycle spark-ignition gasoline engines which are particularly prone to ring sticking. Piston varnish and spark plug fouling are also evaluated.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D 4857 – 00
Standard Test Method for
Determination of the Ability of Lubricants to Minimize Ring
Sticking and Piston Deposits in Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline
Engines Other Than Outboards
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4857; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope X-ray Spectrometry
D 4052 Test Method for Density and Relative Density of
1.1 This test method evaluates the performance of lubri-
Liquids by Digital Density Meter
cants intended for use in two-stroke-cycle spark-ignition gaso-
D 4629 Test Method for Trace Nitrogen in Liquid Petro-
line engines that are particularly prone to ring sticking. Piston
leum Hydrocarbons by Syringe/Inlet Oxidative Combus-
varnish and spark plug fouling are also evaluated.
tion and Chemical Luminescence Detection
1.2 The values stated in SI units are the standard. The values
D 4858 Test Method for Determination of the Tendency of
given in parentheses are provided for information only.
Lubricants to Promote Preignition in Two-Stroke-Cycle
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Gasoline Engines
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
D 4859 Specification for Lubricants for Two-Stroke-Cycle
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Spark Ignition Gasoline Engines-TC
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
D 4863 Test Method for Determination of Lubricity of
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engine Lubricants
2. Referenced Documents D 4951 Test Method for Determination of Additive Ele-
ments in Lubricating Oils by Inductively Coupled Plasma
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Atomic Emission Spectrometry
B 152 Specification for Copper Sheet, Strip, Plate, and
E 230 Specification and Temperature-Electromotive Force
Rolled Bar
(EMF) Tables for Standardized Thermocouples
D 93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens
G 40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
Closed Cup Tester
2.2 American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Stan-
D 235 Specification for Mineral Spirits (Petroleum Spirits)
dard:
(Hydrocarbon Dry Cleaning Solvent)
ANSI MC 96.1 American National Standard for Tempera-
D 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
ture Measurement Thermocouples
and Opaque Liquids (and the Calculation of Dynamic
Viscosity)
3. Terminology
D 874 Test Method for Sulfated Ash from Lubricating Oils
4 3.1 Definitions:
and Additives
3.1.1 cold sticking—of piston rings, a condition in which
D 2270 Practice for Calculating Viscosity Index from Kine-
5 the ring is free in its groove while the engine is running but
matic Viscosity at 40 and 100°C
stuck when the piston is cold, normally indicated by the
D 2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
absence of varnish or other deposits on the outer face of the
1 ring and of signs of blowby on the piston skirt.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
3.1.2 combustion chamber—in reciprocating internal com-
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.B on Automotive Lubricants.
bustion engines, the volume bounded by the piston crown and
Current edition approved Nov. 10, 2000. Published December 2000. Originally
any portion of the cylinder walls extending above the piston
published as D 4857 – 88. Last previous edition D 4857 – 97.
crown when in the top dead center position, and the inner
Until the next revision of this test method, the ASTM Test Monitoring Center
will update changes in this test method by means of Information Letters. These can
be obtained from the ASTM Test Monitoring Center, 6555 Penn Ave., Pittsburgh, PA
15206-4489. Attention: Administrator. This edition incorporates revisions in all
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02.
Information Letters through No. 00-3.
3 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.03.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 02.01.
4 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.03.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.
5 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.02.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.04.
Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd Street,
13th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 4857
surface of the cylinder head including any spark plugs and 5. Significance and Use
other inserted components. D 4858
5.1 This test method is primarily intended for the evaluation
3.1.3 hot sticking—of piston rings, a condition in which the
of lubricants for use in two-stroke-cycle engines of high
ring is stuck in its groove while the engine is running, normally
specific output.
indicated by varnish or other deposits on the outer face of the
NOTE 1—If the test method is being used to satisfy a portion of
ring, by signs of blowby on the piston skirt, or both.
Specification D 4859, refer to the specification for the pass-fail criteria.
3.1.4 lubricity—a qualitative term describing the ability of a
lubricant to minimize friction between and damage to surfaces
6. Apparatus
in relative motion under load. D 4863
6.1 Test Engine and Stand:
3.1.5 preignition—in a spark-ignition engine, ignition of
6.1.1 Test Engine—A Yamaha RD-350B 347 cm twin
the mixture of fuel and air in the combustion chamber before
cylinder motorcycle engine with attached standard transmis-
the passage of the spark. D 4858
sion (gearbox) is used. The engine is described more fully in
3.1.6 scoring, n—in tribology, a severe form of wear
Annex A1. It is set up on a dynamometer test stand with a
characterized by the formation of extensive grooves and
modified fuel system so that each of the cylinders is supplied
scratches in the direction of sliding. G40
independently through its associated carburetor. A typical test
3.1.7 scuff, scuffıng—in lubrication, damage caused by
stand is shown in Fig. 1. The dynamometer is located to the left
instantaneous localized welding between surfaces in relative
of the engine behind the instrument cabinet, and is driven by
motion which does not result in immobilization of the parts.
the motorcycle transmission output shaft.
D 4863
6.1.2 Lubrication System—The test engine, as manufac-
3.1.8 seizure—in lubrication, welding between surfaces in
tured, is provided with an oil injection system by which oil is
relative motion that results in immobilization of the parts.
metered to the carburetor bowls from a common source.
D 4863
Because the test is run using a different fuel and oil mixture in
3.1.9 spark plug fouling—deposition of essentially noncon-
each carburetor, the oil pump and its connections shall be
ducting material onto the electrodes of a spark plug that may,
removed and the oil connections to the carburetors plugged.
but will not necessarily, prevent the plug from operating.
6.1.3 Dynamometer—The dynamometer shall be capable of
3.1.10 spark plug whiskering, or spark plug bridging—a
absorbing at least 8 kW (10 hp). The engine crankshaft speed
deposit of conductive material on the spark plug electrodes that
is 6000 r/min, and the motorcycle transmission may be used to
tends to form a bridge between them, thus shorting out the
provide speed reduction. No correction is required for the
plug.
power loss in the transmission.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
6.1.4 Cooling Air—A variable delivery blower with a free
3.2.1 benchmark reference oil—an oil whose performance
3 3
flow capacity of about 300 m /min (10 000 ft /min) of air is
in this test method is compared with the performance of the
required. The flow from the blower shall be directed toward the
non-reference oil.
exhaust side of the engine so as to deliver an approximately
3.2.2 major preignition—preignition that causes a tempera-
equal stream to each cylinder, and is varied as required to
ture increase of 10°C (18°F) or more measured at the spark
maintain the spark plug gasket temperature within the limits
plug gasket.
specified in Section 9. It is advised that the blower be set up to
3.2.3 minor preignition—preignition that causes a tempera-
draw its air from outside the building. Where this is not
ture increase of more than 7°C (13°F) and less than 10°C
practicable, or in hot climates, coolers may be required.
(18°F) measured at the spark plug gasket.
6.1.5 Combustion Air—The air supply to the engine may be
4. Summary of Test Method
taken from the ambient air in the test cell, but if a controlled air
source is used, it is recommended that it be set to 25 to 27°C
4.1 The test is run in a 347 cm Yamaha RD-350B twin-
(77 to 81°F) with a moisture content of 11 to 12 g/kg (77 to 83
cylinder air-cooled motorcycle engine. It is intended prima-
grains/lb) of dry air and a maximum pressure at the carburetor
rily to evaluate ring sticking and piston skirt deposits. Spark
inlet of 3.7 kPa (1.5 in. water). Supply to each carburetor shall
plug fouling, combustion chamber deposits, and exhaust port
be through a separate flowmeter each with a capacity of 30
blockage are also evaluated. The engine is set up with one
kg/h (65 lb/h) minimum. A plenum chamber is provided at the
cylinder supplied with a fuel and oil mixture made using the
intake of each carburetor to damp out pulsations. These are
non-reference oil and the other with a fuel and oil mixture
shown in Fig. 1.
using the benchmark reference oil. The test is normally run
6.1.6 Fuel System:
twice, exchanging the oils between cylinders for the second
6.1.6.1 Fuel is supplied to each of the carburetors by an
run. Each run is performed on a 25-min part throttle 5-min idle
individual electric fuel pump with a capacity of at least 2.5 L/h
cycle, with a 60-min shutdown after each 150 min of running
(0.7 gal/h) taking the fuel mix from separate tanks through a
time. Total running time per single test is normally 20 h.
paper or ceramic filter and a flowmeter as specified in 6.1.6.2.
The fuel shall enter the carburetors at a maximum temperature
Order from Engineering and Service Dept., Yamaha International Corp., P.O.
of 25°C (77°F) and cooling may be required in a hot climate.
Box 6555, Cypress, CA 90630. Complete RD-350B engines are no longer available
6.1.6.2 Two flowmeters, one for each carburetor, are re-
from the manufacturer, but all parts are still available and are expected to remain so.
quired. Any type accurate to 6 0.01 kg/h (6 0.02 lb/h) at the
It is suggested that a used RD-350 series motorcycle be purchased for familiariza-
tion purposes. flow rate specified in 6.1.6.1 may be used, but those measuring
D 4857
FIG. 1 Test Stand
weight directly rather than volume are preferred. If a volume pressure in the test room is required. Its overall accuracy,
measuring device is used, the relationship of density to including recorder, if used, shall be within 6 0.1 kPa (0.75 mm
temperature over the range of fuel temperature experienced Hg).
shall be determined for the actual test gasoline and test oil 6.2.2.3 Humidity—A hygrometer accurate to 6 3 % or a
mixtures used, and the appropriate value used for conversion of wet and dry bulb thermometer accurate to 6 1°C (2°F) is also
volume to mass. required.
6.1.6.3 When permitted by local regulations, the use of 6.2.2.4 Recorder—Continuous recording of the ambient
portable containers with a capacity of at least 60 L (15 U.S. conditions is recommended.
gal) is recommended to facilitate changing of fuels. If the fuel 6.2.3 Spark Plug Gasket Temperature Measurement:
lines to the carburetors cannot be replaced when the fuel and 6.2.3.1 Thermocouples—The composite gasket normally
oil mixture is changed, it is necessary to be able to purge the supplied with the spark plug is not satisfactory for the
fuel system between the tanks and the carburetors. attachment of thermocouple wires. A design that has been
6.1.7 Exhaust System—The standard motorcycle exhaust found satisfactory is given in Appendix X1. Provision shall
system shall be used, discharging into a pipe of at least be made for shutdown of the engine in the case of a spark plug
200-mm (8-in.) internal diameter leading out of the test cell. gasket temperature increase of 10°C (18°F) or more. An
No modification other than axial rotation may be made to the automatic shutdown that operates if such an increase occurs is
exhaust system as supplied by Yamaha except the installation preferred. As a minimum, an alarm shall be provided to operate
of thermocouples as specified in 6.2.4. Any rotation of the after a temperature increase of 6 to 7°C (11 to 13°F) to allow
exhaust system shall be the same for both cylinders and shall manual shut down by the operator if the 10° limit is exceeded.
not place the exhaust in the cooling air stream. If the alarm or shutdown is a separate instrument from the
6.2 Instrumentation: temperature recorder, it is usually necessary to provide two
6.2.1 Tachometer—An electronic or vibration tachometer thermocouples as shown in Appendix X1, but if it is incorpo-
accurate to 6 25 r/min. rated into the recorder, only one thermocouple is required.
6.2.2 Measurement of Ambient Conditions—If the air sup- Glass or silica double and constantan thermocouple wires
ply to the engine is taken from a controlled source, references meeting the requirements of Type J of ANSI Specification MC
to ambient pressure, temperature and humidity apply to the air 96.1 (summarized very briefly in Tables E 230) are normally
from the controlled source. satisfactory. Constantan is an alloy of approximately 40 %
6.2.2.1 Temperature—A thermocouple or thermometer shall
be provided to measure air temperature in the range from 10 to
The sole source of supply of the thermostat washer known to the committee at
50°C (50 to 120°F). The overall accuracy of temperature
this time is Lewis Engineering, 238-T Water St., Naugatuck, CT 06770. If you are
measurement, including that of recorders, if used, shall be
aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM Headquar-
within6 1°C (2°F).
ters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
6.2.2.2 Barometric Pressure—A barometer measuring the responsible technical committee, which you may attend.
D 4857
nickel (Ni) 60 % copper (Cu) by mass. A3 and the Yamaha RD-350B Engine Service Manual.
6.2
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