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ASTM E3397-23

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Resonance Testing Using the Impulse Excitation Method

Standard Practice for Resonance Testing Using the Impulse Excitation Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 IEM Applications and Capabilities—IEM has been successfully applied to a wide range of NDT applications in the manufacture, maintenance, and repair of metallic and non-metallic parts. Examples of anomalies detected are discussed in 1.1 and 6.2. IEM has been proven to provide fast, cost-effective, and accurate NDT solutions in nearly all manufacturing, maintenance, or repair modalities. Examples of the successful application focuses include, but are not limited to: sintered powder metals, castings, forgings, stampings, ceramics, glass, wood, weldments, heat treatment, composites, additive manufacturing, machined products, and brazed products.  
4.2 General Approach and Equipment Requirements for IEM:  
4.2.1 IEM systems are comprised of hardware and software capable of inducing vibrations, recording the component response to the induced vibrations, and executing analysis of the data collected.  
4.2.2 Hardware Requirements—Examples of a tabletop impact excitation system and a production-grade drop excitation system are shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, respectively. IEM systems include: an excitation device (for example, modal hammer / impact device / dropping system) providing an impulse excitation to the object, a vibration detector (for example., microphone), a signal amplifier, an Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC), an embedded logic, and a data User Interface (UI). Tested parts can typically be on any surface type, but they can also be supported (for example, foam support, held with an elastic) in consideration of possible damping influences. The following schematics show the basic parts for an impact excitation approach (Fig. 3) and a drop excitation approach (Fig. 4).
FIG. 1 IEM Tabletop Testing System Using a Non-Instrumented Impactor
FIG. 2 Production-Grade Drop Excitation System
FIG. 3 Schematic of Impact Excitation Approach
FIG. 4 Schematic of Drop Excitation Approach  
4.3 Constraints and Limitations:  
4.3.1 IEM needs a change in structural i...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a general procedure for using the Impulse Excitation Method (IEM) to facilitate natural frequency measurement and detection of defects and material variations in metallic and non-metallic parts. This test method is also known as Impulse Excitation Technique (IET), Acoustic Resonance Testing (ART), ping testing, tap testing, and other names. IEM is listed as a Resonance Ultrasound Spectroscopy (RUS) method. The method applies an impulse load to excite and then record resonance frequencies of a part. These recorded resonance frequencies are compared to a reference population or within subgroups/families of examples of the same part, or modeled frequencies, or both.  
1.2 Absolute frequency shifting, resonance damping, and resonance pattern differences can be used to distinguish acceptable parts from parts with material differences and defects. These defects and material differences include, cracks, voids, porosity, material elastic property differences, and residual stress. IEM can be applied to parts made with manufacturing processes including, but not limited to, powdered metal sintering, casting, forging, machining, composite layup, and additive manufacturing (AM).  
1.3 This practice is intended for use with instruments capable of exciting, measuring, recording, and analyzing multiple whole body, mechanical vibration resonance frequencies in acoustic or ultrasonic frequency ranges, or both. This practice does not provide inspection acceptance criteria for parts. However, it does discuss the processes for establishing acceptance criteria specific to impulse testing. These criteria include frequency acceptability windows for absolute frequency shifting, scoring criteria for statistical analysis methods (Z-score), Gage Repeatability & Reproducibility (R&R) for diagnostic resonance modes, and inspection criteria adjustment (compensation) for manufacturing process and environmental variations.  
...

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Jun-2023
ICS
17.140.01 - Acoustic measurements and noise abatement in general
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.06 - Ultrasonic Method
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM E3397-23 - Standard Practice for Resonance Testing Using the Impulse Excitation Method
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E3397 − 23
Standard Practice for
1
Resonance Testing Using the Impulse Excitation Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3397; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 This practice covers a general procedure for using the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Impulse Excitation Method (IEM) to facilitate natural fre-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
quency measurement and detection of defects and material
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
variations in metallic and non-metallic parts. This test method
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
is also known as Impulse Excitation Technique (IET), Acoustic
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
Resonance Testing (ART), ping testing, tap testing, and other
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
names. IEM is listed as a Resonance Ultrasound Spectroscopy
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
(RUS) method. The method applies an impulse load to excite
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
and then record resonance frequencies of a part. These re-
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
corded resonance frequencies are compared to a reference
population or within subgroups/families of examples of the
2. Referenced Documents
same part, or modeled frequencies, or both.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.2 Absolute frequency shifting, resonance damping, and
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
resonance pattern differences can be used to distinguish ac-
E2001 Guide for Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy for
ceptable parts from parts with material differences and defects.
Defect Detection in Both Metallic and Non-metallic Parts
These defects and material differences include, cracks, voids,
porosity, material elastic property differences, and residual 2.2 ISO and Other International Standards:
EN 1330-2 Non-destructive testing — Terminology — Part
stress. IEM can be applied to parts made with manufacturing
3
processes including, but not limited to, powdered metal 2: Terms common to the non-destructive testing methods
ISO 12680-1:2007 Methods of test for refractory products
sintering, casting, forging, machining, composite layup, and
additive manufacturing (AM). — Part 1: Determination of dynamic Young’s modulus
4
(MOE) by impulse excitation of vibration
1.3 This practice is intended for use with instruments
ISO 22605:2020 Refractories — Determination of dynamic
capable of exciting, measuring, recording, and analyzing mul-
Young’s modulus (MOE) at elevated temperatures by
tiple whole body, mechanical vibration resonance frequencies
4
impulse excitation of vibration
in acoustic or ultrasonic frequency ranges, or both. This
practice does not provide inspection acceptance criteria for
3. Terminology
parts. However, it does discuss the processes for establishing
acceptance criteria specific to impulse testing. These criteria 3.1 Definitions:
include frequency acceptability windows for absolute fre- 3.1.1 The definitions of terms relating to conventional
quency shifting, scoring criteria for statistical analysis methods ultrasonic examination can be found in Terminology E1316.
(Z-score), Gage Repeatability & Reproducibility (R&R) for 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 bandwidth, n—the range of frequencies excited and
diagnostic resonance modes, and inspection criteria adjustment
(compensation) for manufacturing process and environmental recorded in the inspection.
variations.
1.4 This practice uses inch pound units as primary units. SI
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
units are included in parentheses for reference only and are
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
mathematical conversions of the primary units.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
1 3
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde- Available from European Committee for Standardization (CEN), Avenue
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.06 on Marnix 17, B-1000, Brussels, Belgium, http://www.cen.e
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Degradation in sensor performance can occur due to dropping, mechanical shock while mounted on the test structure, temperature cycles, and so forth. It is necessary and desirable to have a simple measurement procedure that will check the consistency of sensor response, while holding all other variables constant.  
3.2 While test blocks of many different kinds have been used for this purpose for many years, an acrylic polymer rod offers the best all-around combination of suitable acoustic properties, practical convenience, ease of procurement, and low cost.  
3.3 Because the acoustic properties of the acrylic rod are known to depend on temperature, this practice requires that the rod, sensors, and couplant be stabilized at the same working temperature, prior to application of the practice.  
3.4 Attention should be paid to storage conditions for the acrylic polymer rod. For example, it should not be left in a freezing or hot environment overnight, unless it is given time for temperature stabilization before use.  
3.5 Properly applied and with proper record keeping, this practice can be used in many ways, such as:  
3.5.1 To determine when a sensor is no longer suitable for use.  
3.5.2 To check sensors that have been exposed to high-risk conditions such as dropping, overheating, and so forth.  
3.5.3 To get an early warning of sensor degradation over time.  
3.5.4 To obtain matched sets of sensors and preamplifiers.  
3.5.5 To verify sensors quickly but accurately in the field, and to assist troubleshooting when a channel does not pass a performance check.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is used for routinely checking the sensitivity of acoustic emission (AE) sensors. It is intended to provide a reliable, precisely specified way of comparing a set of sensors or telling whether an individual sensor's sensitivity has degraded during its service life, or both.  
1.2 The procedure in this practice is not a “calibration” and does not give frequency-response information.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This practice does not purport to recommend one sensor manufacturer over another nor does it imply that one type of sensor will react differently from another when using this procedure.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Guide for Acoustic Emission Examination of Small Parts

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The purpose of the AE examination is to analyze how an examination object is withstanding the applied load, or if it is suffering from some latent damage. Consequently the emission activity must be evaluated in relation to the applied load.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers techniques for conducting acoustic emission (AE) examinations of small parts. It is confined to examination objects (or defined regions of larger objects) where there is low AE signal attenuation throughout the examination region. This eliminates the consideration of complex attenuation factor corrections and multiple sensor and array placements based on overcoming signal losses over distances.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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4.2.1 Documentation of sound levels before the introduction of a new sound source as a reference for assessment of the noise impact caused by a proposed facility and associated activities,  
4.2.2 Comparison of sound levels with and without a specific source (for example, assessment of the impact of an existing source), and  
4.2.3 Comparison of sound levels with criteria or regulatory limits (for example, indication of exceedance of criteria or non-compliance with laws).  
4.3 This test method provides a means for operating a sound analysis system which incorporates digital circuits for processing and storing sound level data, documenting conditions under which the measurements were performed, and reporting the results.  
4.4 This test method provides the user with information to (1) perform and document statistical analysis of outdoor sound level over specific time periods at specified places, and (2) make and document the physical observations necessary to qualify the measurements.  
4.5 This test method can be used by individuals, regulatory agencies, or others as a measurement method to collect acoustical data for many common situations. The data are collected in a format determined by the capabilities of the equipment, equipment operational options selected, and by post-processing options available.  
4.6 The user is cautioned that there are many factors that can strongly influence the resul...
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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of outdoor sound levels at specific locations using a digital statistical sound analysis system and a formal measurement plan.  
1.1.1 This test method provides basic requirements for obtaining either a single set of data or multiple sets of related data. However, because there are numerous circumstances and varied objectives requiring multiple sets of data, the test method does not address planning of the measurement program.  
1.2 The use of results of measurements performed using this test method include, but are not limited to, the following:  
1.2.1 To characterize the acoustical environment of a site,  
1.2.2 To characterize the sound emissions of a specific sound source which exhibits a temporal variation in sound output, and  
1.2.3 To monitor the effectiveness of a noise impact mitigation plan.  
1.3 This test method is intended to be used in conjunction with a measurement plan that references this test method. Changes or additions to the provisions of this test method shall be clearly stated in the plan.  
1.3.1 In the event it is necessary, for example, because of time constraints, to conduct measurements without first formalizing a plan, this test method can be used if an operator/observer whose qualifications are satisfactory to both the performing organization and the client is present at all times during the measurements and who complies, to the extent possible, with all the applicable requirements of this test method, including record keeping.  
1.4 The data obtained using this test method enable comparison of sound level data with appropriate criteria.  
1.4.1 The data obtained with this test method can be used in the derivation of loudness levels provided the necessary requirements regarding sample duration and signal bandwidth are observed in collecting the data. It is recommended that a specialist in the area of loudness evaluation be consulted in p...

  • Standard
    12 pages
    English language
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  • Standard
    12 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off