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ASTM E1696-95b(2001)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Field Measurement of Raised Retroreflective Pavement Markers Using a Portable Retroreflectometer

Standard Test Method for Field Measurement of Raised Retroreflective Pavement Markers Using a Portable Retroreflectometer

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the retroreflective properties of raised retroreflective pavement markers at a prescribed geometry, by means of a portable retroreflectometer that can be used in the field. The measurements can be compared to minimum requirements to determine the need for replacement.  
1.2 The observation angle specified for retroreflectometers in this test method is that currently specified for raised pavement markers in the United States and may differ from the angles used elsewhere. For other jurisdictions, replace the observations angle specified herein with the observation angle specified by the pertinent agency.  
1.3 This test method is intended to be used for field measurement of raised retroreflective pavement markers but may also be used to measure the performance of new markers before they are placed in the field.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5  The standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-2000
ICS
93.080.20 - Road construction materials
Technical Committee
E12 - Color and Appearance
Drafting Committee
E12.10 - Retroreflection
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM E1696-02 - Standard Test Method for Field Measurement of Raised Retroreflective Pavement Markers Using a Portable Retroreflectometer
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002

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ASTM E1696-95b(2001) - Standard Test Method for Field Measurement of Raised Retroreflective Pavement Markers Using a Portable RetroreflectometerASTM E1696-95b(2001) - Standard Test Method for Field Measurement of Raised Retroreflective Pavement Markers Using a Portable Retroreflectometer
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ASTM E1696-95b(2001) - Standard Test Method for Field Measurement of Raised Retroreflective Pavement Markers Using a Portable Retroreflectometer
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Standards Content (Sample)


Designation: E 1696 – 95b (Reapproved 2001)
Standard Test Method for
Field Measurement of Raised Retroreflective Pavement
Markers Using a Portable Retroreflectometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1696; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.2.1 coeffıcient of luminous intensity, R , n—of a retrore-
I
flector, ratio of the luminous intensity (I) of the retroreflector in
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the retrore-
the direction of observation to the illuminance (E|nt) at the
flective properties of raised retroreflective pavement markers at
retroreflector on a plane perpendicular to the direction of
a prescribed geometry, by means of a portable retroreflecto-
−1
incident light, expressed in candelas per lux (cd·lx ).
meter that can be used in the field. The measurements can be
3.2.1.1 Discussion—When values are low, the coefficient of
compared to minimum requirements to determine the need for
(retroreflected) luminous intensity may be given in millican-
replacement.
−1
delas per lux (mcd·lx ). R =(I/E|nt).
1.2 The observation angle specified for retroreflectometers I
3.2.2 entrance angle, n—angle between the illumination
in this test method is that currently specified for raised
axis and the retroreflector axis.
pavement markers in the United States and may differ from the
3.2.3 illumination axis, n—line from the effective center of
angles used elsewhere. For other jurisdictions, replace the
the source aperture to the retroreflector center.
observations angle specified herein with the observation angle
3.2.4 observation angle, a, n—the angle between the illu-
specified by the pertinent agency.
mination axis and the observation axis.
1.3 This test method is intended to be used for field
3.2.5 portable retroreflectometer—a hand-held instrument
measurement of raised retroreflective pavement markers but
that can be used in the field or in the laboratory for measure-
may also be used to measure the performance of new markers
ment of retroreflectance.
before they are placed in the field.
3.2.5.1 Discussion—In this test method, “portable retrore-
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
flectometer” refers to a hand-held instrument that can be placed
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
over a raised retroreflective pavement marker to measure the
only.
coefficient of luminous intensity with a prescribed geometry.
1.5 The standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2.6 instrument standard, n—a working standard used to
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
standardize the portable retroreflectometer.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2.7 retroreflection, n—reflection in which the reflected
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
rays are preferentially returned in directions close to the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use
opposite of the direction of the incident rays, this property
2. Referenced Documents being maintained over wide variations of the direction of the
incident rays.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.2.8 retroreflective element, n—one optical unit which by
E 284 Terminology of Appearance
refraction or reflection or both produces the phenomenon of
E 809 Practice for Measuring Photometric Characteristics
retroreflection.
of Retroreflectors
4. Summary of Test Method
3. Terminology
4.1 This test method involves the use of commercial por-
3.1 The terms and definitions in Terminology E 284 are
table retroreflectometers for determining the coefficient of
applicable to this test method.
luminous intensity of pavement markers.
3.2 Definitions—The delimiting phrase “in retroreflection”
4.2 Entrance angle b shall be between 0 and 2°, entrance
applies to each of the following definitions when used outside 1
angle b shall be 0 6 2°.
the context of this or other retroreflection standards:
4.3 Unless otherwise specified by the user, the observation
angle shall be 0.2° 6 0.01°.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color
4.4 The observation half plane shall be vertical. Rotation
and Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.10 on
angle shall be 0° (see Fig. 1 and Fig. 2).
Retroreflection.
Current edition approved Oct. 10, 1995. Published December 1995. Originally
4.5 The sum of the aperture angles of source plus receiver
published as E 1696 – 95. Last previous edition E 1696 – 95a.
shall be 0.2° 6 0.04° (see Table 1 of Practice E 809).
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.01.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E 1696
coefficient of (retroreflected) luminous intensity. These condi-
tions need to be observed and noted by the user.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Portable Retroreflectometer:
6.1.1 The retroreflectometer shall be portable with the
capability of being positioned over markers installed on the
roadway surface.
6.1.2 The retroreflectometer shall be constructed so that
placement on the road will preclude any stray light from
entering the area being tested under daylight conditions.
6.1.3 The retroreflectometer shall be constructed so that it
can be placed over the marker with the illumination axis
parallel to the road surface.
6.1.4 The combined spectral distribution of the light source
and the spectral responsivity of the receiver shall match the
combined spectral distribution of CIE Illuminant A and the V
(l) spectral luminosity function according to the following
criterion: for any choice of plano parallel colored absorptive
filter mounted in front of a white retroreflective sample, the
ratio of the R measured with the filter to the R measured
I I
without the filter shall be within 10 % of the Illuminant A
luminous transmittance of an air-spaced pair of two such filters.
NOTE 1—In the retroreflectometer the filter should be mounted with a
downward tilt (for example, 1.0°) for avoiding specular reflection into the
receiver.
6.1.5 When using a standard similar in color, material, and
FIG. 1 Position of Marker for Photometry
type to the sample, measured R shall not deviate by more than
I
10 % from measurements made on a laboratory photometer
Maximum system sensitivity is obtained when aperture angles
conforming to Practice E 809 with observation angle, a,as
of source and receiver are equal.
specified and b = b = e = 0°.
1 2
4.6 The aperture angle of an individual retroreflective ele-
6.1.6 If, for convenience, the user chooses to use a white
ment shall be 0.02° max (see Practice E 809). For a portable
standard for all markers, a correction factor shall be applied to
photometer this aperture angle can be achieved by interposing
the readings obtained with the white standard. To determine the
a collimating lens in the illumination and observation axes.
correction factor, (1) standardize the instrument using a white
4.7 A portable standard shall be used for standardization.
standard; (2) without changing the instrument settings, note the
4.8 After standardization place the retroreflectometer di-
reading for a selected prephotometered standar
...

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1.3 This test method is intended to be used for field measurement of raised retroreflective pavement markers but may also be used to measure the performance of new markers before they are placed in the field.  
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5.1 The quality of the stripe for visibility in daylight or under road lighting is determined by the luminance coefficient under diffuse illumination, Qd, and depends on the materials used, age, and wear pattern. These conditions shall be observed and noted by the user.  
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1.1 This test method covers measurement of the luminance coefficient under diffuse illumination of horizontal pavement markings, such as traffic stripes and surface symbols, and pavement surfaces, in a particular viewing direction using a portable reflectometer.
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5.1 The quality of the pavement marking is determined by the coefficient of retroreflected luminance, RL, and depends on the materials used, age, wear pattern, application method, pavements surface, and other conditions.  
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SCOPE
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4.1 The nighttime performance of pavement markings is determined by the coefficient of retroreflected luminance, RL, be it dry or wet, and depends on the materials used, age, and wear pattern. These conditions shall be observed and noted by the user.  
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5.1 This test method produces a measure of retroreflective efficiency (coefficient of retroreflected luminance, RL-2) for a pavement marking system under conditions of continuous wetting. The test result depends on factors such as the pavement marking binder and optic materials, their application, wear from traffic and plowing, wetting rate, and road grade and cross slope.  
5.2 The measured retroreflective efficiency under conditions of continuous wetting may be used to characterize the properties of a pavement marking on the road as water is continuously falling on it. The retroreflective efficiency of the marking under conditions of continuous wetting is almost always different than under dry conditions.  
5.3 The wetting rate of 2 in./h represents the upper limit of what is meteorologically classified as heavy rainfall. Rainfall rates above 2 in./h are classified as extreme or violent, and are sometimes associated with weather such as tropical storms.  
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5.6 The roadway grade and cross slope adjacent to the measurement area impact the results of this test method. A digital level (inclinometer) can be used to quickly measure grade and cross slope.  
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1.1 This test method covers a measurement of the wet retroreflective (RL-2) properties of horizontal pavement marking materials, such as traffic stripes and road surface symbols. A standardized method utilizing a standardized continuous wetting device and a portable retroreflectometer is described to obtain measurements of the wet retroreflective properties of horizontal pavement markings.  
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1.4 This test method specifies the use of external beam retroreflectometers conforming to Test Method E1710.2 The entrance and observation angles required of the retroreflectometer in this test method are commonly referred to as “30 meter geometry.”2  
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Note 3: The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for the determination of kinematic viscosity of liquid asphalts, road oils, and distillation residues of liquid asphalts all at 60 °C [140 °F] and of liquid asphalt binders at 135 °C [275 °F] (see table notes, 11.1) in the range from 6 to 100 000 mm2/s [cSt].  
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Note 1: This test method is suitable for use at other temperatures and at lower kinematic viscosities, but the precision is based on determinations on liquid asphalts and road oils at 60 °C [140 °F] and on asphalt binders at 135 °C [275 °F] only in the viscosity range from 30 to 6000 mm2/s [cSt].
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Standard Practice for Creation of Walkway Tribometer Interlaboratory Study Reports and Test Procedures

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The test procedures and interlaboratory study report that result from coordinator compliance with this Practice are intended to include all information required for an ASTM Test Method and its associated Research Report; the interlaboratory study is to be conducted in compliance with Practice E691, also as required for an ASTM Test Method.3 The reason that the content of this Practice is not prepared as an actual ASTM Test Method is as follows. ASTM regulations preclude reference (in a Standard) to patented or otherwise proprietary test apparatus where “alternatives exist”.4 While a proprietary apparatus may be mentioned in the Test Method’s Research Report, this would prevent the Test Method from being a standalone document containing all information necessary for testing. As such, a standalone Test Method could only be for a non-proprietary apparatus design, with this design expressed in terms of physical characteristics and performance specifications sufficient to enable the reader to fabricate their own “identical” copy of the design. Further, to achieve consensus approval and publication of such a Test Method, it could be considered necessary that ILS results for this design include data from devices made by different entities. However, typical walkway tribometer designs (versus other types of test apparatus) are sufficiently complex that full documentation of all performance-affecting physical characteristics (sufficient that a reader could build one) may be impractical. European standard EN 16165 Annexes C and D illustrate what physical and performance characteristics are and are not documented in that standard’s specifications for two non-proprietary tribometers. In general, each different tribometer design may have advantages and disadvantages for testing different surfaces, and this Practice provides a rigorous and standardized structure for creating tribometer test procedures and interlaboratory study reports that would comply with the requirements fo...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers creation of interlaboratory study reports and test procedures for the use of portable walkway tribometers for obtaining walkway surface friction measurements.  
1.2 This practice does not address the interpretation of data relative to pedestrian safety.  
1.3 This practice does not address the suitability of a walkway surface for a particular application.  
1.4 This practice does not directly address the important issue of the frictional homogeneity and stability of reference materials and in-use walkway materials.  
1.5 Conformance to this practice does not result in an ASTM Test Method.  
1.6 Values stated in SI (metric) units are to be regarded as the standard. Values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1783/E1783M-24(Specification)
Standard Specification for Preformed Architectural Strip Seals for Buildings and Parking Structures

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the physical requirements and movement capabilities of preformed architectural strip seals for use in sealing expansion joints in buildings and parking structures. However, this specification does not provide information on the durability of the architectural strip seals under actual service conditions, loading capability of the system, and the effects of a load on the functional parameters. Material covered by this specification consists of architectural strip seals extruded as a membrane or tubular, with frames, with flanges mechanically or chemically secured, used in interior or exterior application, and used in any construction of the building. The architectural strip seal shall be manufactured from a fully cured elastomeric alloy as a preformed extrusion free of defects such as holes and air bubbles, and with dimensions conforming to the requirements specified. Tests for tensile strength, elongation at break, hardness, ozone resistance, compression set, heat aging, tear resistance, brittleness temperature, and water absorption shall be performed and shall conform to the requirements specified.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
9.1 Architectural strip seals included in this specification shall be those:  
9.1.1 Extruded as a membrane,  
9.1.2 Extruded as tubular,  
9.1.3 With frames,  
9.1.4 With flanges mechanically secured,  
9.1.5 With flanges chemically secured,  
9.1.6 Used in interior or exterior applications, and  
9.1.7 Used in any construction of the building.  
9.2 This specification will give users, producers, building officials, code authorities, and others a basis for verifying material and performance characteristics of representative specimens under common test conditions. This specification will produce data on the following:  
9.2.1 The physical properties of the fully cured elastomeric alloy, and  
9.2.2 The movement capability in relation to the nominal joint width as defined under Test Method E1399/E1399M.  
9.3 This specification compares similar architectural strip seals but is not intended to reflect the system's application. “Similar” refers to the same type of architectural strip seal within the same subsection under 9.1.  
9.4 This specification does not provide information on the following:  
9.4.1 Durability of the architectural strip seal under actual service conditions, including the effects of cycled temperature on the strip seal;  
9.4.2 Loading capability of the system and the effects of a load on the functional parameters established by this specification;  
9.4.3 Shear and rotational movements of the specimen;  
9.4.4 Any other attributes of the specimen, such as fire resistance, wear resistance, chemical resistance, air infiltration, watertightness, and so forth; and
Note 3: This specification addresses fully cured elastomeric alloys. Test Methods D395, D573, D1052, and D1149 are tests better suited for evaluating thermoset materials.  
9.4.5 Testing or compatibility of substrates.  
9.5 This specification is intended to be used as only one element in the selection of an architectural strip seal for a particular application. It is not...
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the physical requirements for the fully cured elastomeric alloy and the movement capabilities of preformed architectural compression seals used for sealing expansion joints in buildings and parking structures. The preformed architectural strip seal is an elastomeric extrusion. This extrusion is either a membrane or tubular having an internal baffle system produced continuously and longitudinally throughout the material. These extrusions are secured in or over a joint by locking rails or an end dam nosing material. The architectural strip seal is compressed and expanded by this mechanical or chemical attachment.  
Note 1: Movement capability is defined in Test Method E1399/E1399M.  
1.2 This specification covers all colors of architectural strip seals.  
No...

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ASTM
ASTM D7175-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining the Rheological Properties of Asphalt Binder Using a Dynamic Shear Rheometer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The complex shear modulus is an indicator of the stiffness or resistance of asphalt binder to deformation under load. The phase angle is a measure of the relative portion of the response to an applied load that is elastic (recoverable) or viscous (nonrecoverable).  
5.2 The test procedure is applicable to measurements in the linear region where the measured modulus and phase angle are independent of the amplitude of the strain.  
5.3 The complex modulus and the phase angle are used to calculate performance-related criteria in accordance with Specification D6373 or D8239.
Note 1: The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the complex shear modulus and phase angle of asphalt binders when tested in dynamic (oscillatory) shear using parallel plate geometry.  
1.2 This test method is intended for determining the linear viscoelastic properties of asphalt binders as required for specification testing and is not intended as a comprehensive procedure for the full characterization of the viscoelastic properties of asphalt binder.  
1.3 This standard is appropriate for unaged asphalt binder, conditioned asphalt binder, and asphalt binder recovered from either asphalt mixtures or asphalt emulsions. To keep the language in this standard precise, the term “asphalt binder” is used to refer to the material being tested.  
1.4 This procedure is limited to asphalt binders that contain particles with largest dimension less than 250 μm.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 Warning—Mercury has been designated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and many state agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney, and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for details and EPA’s website— www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury, mercury-containing products, or both, into your state may be prohibited by state law.  
1.7 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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