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ASTM D409/D409M-09ae1

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Grindability of Coal by the Hardgrove-Machine Method

Standard Test Method for Grindability of Coal by the Hardgrove-Machine Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method develops a measurement of grinding or pulverizing characteristics that can be used to evaluate the yield, or energy input, or both, required in a grinding or pulverizing process, which can impact a wide variety of processes, including combustion, coke-making, liquefaction, and gasification.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the relative grindability or ease of pulverization of coals in comparison with coals chosen as standards. A prepared and sized sample receives a definite amount of grinding energy in a miniature pulverizer, and the size consist of the pulverized product is determined by sieving. The resultant size consist is used to produce an index relative to the ease of grinding [Hardgrove Grindability Index (HGI)].
1.1.1 Some coals, such as some high-volatile bituminous, subbituminous, and lignite coals, can undergo physical change as the natural or seam moisture is released during handling and preparation. This change is often sufficient to alter the grindability characteristics that will be reported when tested in the laboratory and could produce different indices dependent on the conditions of drying and the moisture level of the 1.18 × 0.60 mm (No. 16 × 30) (see Test Method D4749) materials used for the test. Therefore, the repeatability and reproducibility cited in this test method may not apply for these high-volatile bituminous, subbituminous, and lignite coals.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Oct-2009
ICS
73.040 - Coals
Technical Committee
D05 - Coal and Coke
Drafting Committee
D05.07 - Physical Characteristics of Coal
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D409/D409M-09a - Standard Test Method for Grindability of Coal by the Hardgrove-Machine Method
Effective Date
01-Nov-2009
Replaced By
ASTM D409/D409M-11 - Standard Test Method for Grindability of Coal by the Hardgrove-Machine Method
Effective Date
01-Apr-2011

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ASTM D409/D409M-09ae1 - Standard Test Method for Grindability of Coal by the Hardgrove-Machine MethodASTM D409/D409M-09ae1 - Standard Test Method for Grindability of Coal by the Hardgrove-Machine Method
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ASTM D409/D409M-09ae1 - Standard Test Method for Grindability of Coal by the Hardgrove-Machine Method
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
´1
Designation:D409/D409M–09a
Standard Test Method for
1
Grindability of Coal by the Hardgrove-Machine Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D409/D409M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1
´ NOTE—Footnote 2 was editorially corrected in June 2010.
INTRODUCTION
This test method is structured into the following parts:
The body of the test method discusses the scope, referenced documents, significance and use,
apparatus,grosssamples,preparationoftestsamples,procedure,calculationandreport,precisionand
bias, and keywords.
AnnexA1 contains the method to obtain and prepare coal feedstock for potential use as HGI RMs
(reference materials).
AnnexA2 contains the method to divide and containerize the candidate HGI RMs (candidate HGI
RMs) from the feedstock prepared in Annex A1.
AnnexA3containsthemethodforhomogeneitytestingofthecandidateHGIRMscontainerizedin
Annex A2.
Annex A4 contains the method for determining the Hardgrove grindability index (HGI) to be
assigned to each lot of the candidate HGI RMs.
AnnexA5containsthemethodusedtocalibrateaHardgrovegrindabilitymachineusingtheprimary
or secondary HGI RMs.
Annex A6 contains the method for determining the moisture content of the 1.18 3 0.60 mm (No.
16 3 30) test sample.
1. Scope used to produce an index relative to the ease of grinding
2
[Hardgrove Grindability Index (HGI)].
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the
1.1.1 Some coals, such as some high-volatile bituminous,
relative grindability or ease of pulverization of coals in
subbituminous, and lignite coals, can undergo physical change
comparison with coals chosen as standards. A prepared and
asthenaturalorseammoistureisreleasedduringhandlingand
sized sample receives a definite amount of grinding energy in
preparation. This change is often sufficient to alter the grind-
a miniature pulverizer, and the size consist of the pulverized
ability characteristics that will be reported when tested in the
product is determined by sieving. The resultant size consist is
laboratory and could produce different indices dependent on
the conditions of drying and the moisture level of the 1.18 3
0.60 mm (No. 16 330) (see Test Method D4749) materials
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D05 on Coal
used for the test. Therefore, the repeatability and reproducibil-
and Coke and is the direct responsibility of D05.07 on Physical Characteristics of
Coal. ity cited in this test method may not apply for these high-
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2009. Published December 2009. Originally
volatile bituminous, subbituminous, and lignite coals.
approved in 1951. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D409–09. DOI:
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
10.1520/D0409_D0409M-09AE01.
2
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
Forinformationconcerningtheexperimentalworkonwhichthistestmethodis
based, see paper by Hardgrove, R. M., “Grindability of Coal,” Transactions,
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Vol 54, F.S.P., p. 37, 1932.
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
D05.07onPhysicalCharacteristicsonCoalisconductingongoinginvestigations
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
in regard to quality control during preparation, distribution, and use of standard
reference materials and during preparation and testing of actual samples. with the standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
´1
D409/D409M–09a
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the sufficient capacity to weigh a sample with a mass of greater
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the than or equal to 1000g along with the drying pan.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4.4 Balance[forweighingthe50-gtestsampleandthesieve
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
fractions formed during milling]—Withasensitivityofatleast
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
10 mg and a minimum capacity of 800 g.
NOTE 1—A single balance meeting the specifications of 4.3 and 4.4 is
2. Referenced Documents
permitted.
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.5 Calibration Weights—These calibration weights shall
D2013 Practice for Preparing Coal Samples for Analysis
be used periodically to monito
...

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5.1 The emission of mercury during coal combustion can be an environmental concern.  
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1.1 These test methods cover procedures to determine the total mercury content in a sample of coal or coal combustion residue.  
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6.1 It is intended that this practice be used to provide a sample representative of the coal from which it is collected. Because of the variability of coal and the wide variety of mechanical sampling equipment available, caution should be used in all stages of the sample collection process, the design of sampling system specifications, the equipment procurement, and the acceptance testing of installed equipment.  
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4.1 A properly collected face channel sample that includes the total coal bed interval provides a sample that is a representative cross section of the coal bed at the point of sampling. Channel samples are taken for subsequent testing needed for evaluation of coal quality and characterization for commercial evaluations, for planning of mining operations to maintain coal quality, for the determination of coal rank in accordance with Classification D388, and for geologic coal resource studies.  
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1.1 This practice describes procedures for collecting and handling a coal sample from a core recovered from a borehole.  
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ASTM D2013/D2013M-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Preparing Coal Samples for Analysis

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5.1 Other standards are used to collect the gross sample: Practice D2234/D2234M allows for one division of the gross sample before crushing. The mass and top size of the gross or divided sample collected by using these guides and practices are usually too large for chemical or physical testing. Practice D2013/D2013M provides instructions for reducing and dividing the gross or divided sample, by on-line or off-line processes, or both, to a top size and mass suitable to the performance of testing. Any bias in the gross or divided sample before adherence to this practice will remain in the final sample resulting from use of this practice. Therefore, carefully select the standard to be used to collect the gross sample.  
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5.3 In places, this practice requires air drying the sample before subsequent reduction. Procedures for air drying and air-dry loss determination are provided in Test Method D3302/D3302M.  
5.4 Most often, samples are reduced and divided to an analysis sample. However, some tests may require a sample of different mass or top size. This procedure may be used to provide a sample of any mass and size consist from the gross or divided sample to, and including, the analysis sample.  
5.5 This practice also specifies how to prepare composite samples, if required.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice2 covers the reduction and division of gross or divided samples, and the preparation of composite samples, up to and including the individual portions for laboratory analysis.  
1.2 Reduction and division procedures are prescribed for coals of the following groups:  
1.2.1 Group A includes coals that have been cleaned in all sizes.  
1.2.2 Group B includes all other coals. Unknown coals are to be considered under Group B.  
1.2.3 Group A allows smaller weight laboratory samples to be retained than Group B. These lower weights may be used for particular coals if they have been shown, by using the procedures of A1.2, to give a sample preparation and analysis variance which is no more than 20 % of the total analysis variance.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
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Standard Practice for Preparing Coal Samples for Microscopical Analysis by Reflected Light

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4.1 Briquets of granular bituminous coals and anthracite prepared in accordance with the laboratory procedures of this practice will have flat, scratch-free surfaces suitable for examination with a microscope using reflected light illumination. The polished surfaces of briquettes prepared by this practice will contain particles representative of the original gross sample.  
4.2 Samples prepared by this practice are used for microscopical determination of the reflectance of the organic components in a polished specimen of coal (Test Method D2798) and for microscopical determination of the volume percent of physical components of coal (Test Method D2799).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers laboratory procedures for the preparation of granular samples of bituminous coal and anthracite samples for examination with a microscope using reflected light illumination. It does not apply to the preparation of oriented blocks of coal.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or non-SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM D291/D291M-20(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Bulk Density of Crushed Bituminous Coal

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method concerns the compaction of crushed coal to determine either its compacted or uncompacted bulk density, for purposes such as charging coke ovens.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers two procedures for determining the bulk density of crushed coal less than 37.5 mm [1.5 in.] in size, such as is charged into coke ovens, as follows:  
1.1.1 Procedure A—The cone procedure for determining an uncompacted bulk density.
1.1.1.1 Standard Method—Procedure employs the use of a 115 mm [4.5 in.] chute opening and a measuring box having dimensions of 305 mm x 305 mm x 305 mm [12.0 in. x 12.0 in. x 12.0 in.].
1.1.1.2 Alternate Method—Procedure employs the use of a 203 mm [8.0 in.] chute opening and a measuring box having dimensions of 203 mm x 203 mm x 305 mm [8.0 in. x 8.0 in. x 12.0 in.] for coals with a total moisture greater than 7 %.  
1.1.2 Procedure B—The dropped-coal procedure for determining a compacted bulk density, comparable to actual bulk densities attained in coke ovens.  
1.2 This test method is not applicable to the testing of powdered coal as used in boiler plants, nor to the determination of the bulk density of coal in storage piles.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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