ASTM C1360-01(2007)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Constant-Amplitude, Axial, Tension-Tension Cyclic Fatigue of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperatures
Standard Practice for Constant-Amplitude, Axial, Tension-Tension Cyclic Fatigue of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperatures
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the determination of constant-amplitude, axial tension-tension cyclic fatigue behavior and performance of continuous fiber-reinforced advanced ceramic composites (CFCCs) at ambient temperatures. This practice builds on experience and existing standards in tensile testing CFCCs at ambient temperatures and addresses various suggested test specimen geometries, specimen fabrication methods, testing modes (force, displacement, or strain control), testing rates and frequencies, allowable bending, and procedures for data collection and reporting. This practice does not apply to axial cyclic fatigue tests of components or parts (that is, machine elements with nonuniform or multiaxial stress states).
1.2 This practice applies primarily to advanced ceramic matrix composites with continuous fiber reinforcement: uni-directional (1-D), bi-directional (2-D), and tri-directional (3-D) or other multi-directional reinforcements. In addition, this practice may also be used with glass (amorphous) matrix composites with 1-D, 2-D, 3-D, and other multi-directional continuous fiber reinforcements. This practice does not directly address discontinuous fiber-reinforced, whisker-reinforced or particulate-reinforced ceramics, although the methods detailed here may be equally applicable to these composites.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard and are in accordance with IEEE/ASTM SI 10 Standard.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Refer to Section 7 for specific precautions.
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Designation:C1360–01 (Reapproved 2007)
Standard Practice for
Constant-Amplitude, Axial, Tension-Tension Cyclic Fatigue
of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramics at
Ambient Temperatures
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1360; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This practice covers the determination of constant- 2.1 ASTM Standards:
amplitude, axial tension-tension cyclic fatigue behavior and C1145 Terminology of Advanced Ceramics
performance of continuous fiber-reinforced advanced ceramic C1275 Test Method for Monotonic Tensile Behavior of
composites (CFCCs) at ambient temperatures. This practice Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramics with
builds on experience and existing standards in tensile testing Solid Rectangular Cross-Section Test Specimens atAmbi-
CFCCs at ambient temperatures and addresses various sug- ent Temperature
gested test specimen geometries, specimen fabrication meth- D3479/D3479M Test Method for Tension-Tension Fatigue
ods, testing modes (force, displacement, or strain control), of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials
testing rates and frequencies, allowable bending, and proce- D3878 Terminology for Composite Materials
dures for data collection and reporting. This practice does not E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
apply to axial cyclic fatigue tests of components or parts (that E6 TerminologyRelatingtoMethodsofMechanicalTesting
is, machine elements with nonuniform or multiaxial stress E83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten-
states). someter Systems
1.2 This practice applies primarily to advanced ceramic E337 Test Method for Measuring Humidity with a Psy-
matrix composites with continuous fiber reinforcement: uni- chrometer (the Measurement of Wet- and Dry-Bulb Tem-
directional (1-D), bi-directional (2-D), and tri-directional (3-D) peratures)
or other multi-directional reinforcements. In addition, this E467 Practice for Verification of Constant Amplitude Dy-
practice may also be used with glass (amorphous) matrix namic Forces in an Axial Fatigue Testing System
composites with 1-D, 2-D, 3-D, and other multi-directional E468 Practice for Presentation of Constant Amplitude Fa-
continuousfiberreinforcements.Thispracticedoesnotdirectly tigue Test Results for Metallic Materials
address discontinuous fiber-reinforced, whisker-reinforced or E739 Practice for Statistical Analysis of Linear or Linear-
particulate-reinforced ceramics, although the methods detailed ized Stress-Life ( S-N) and Strain-Life (e-N) Fatigue Data
here may be equally applicable to these composites. E1012 PracticeforVerificationofTestFrameandSpecimen
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the Alignment Under Tensile and Compressive Axial Force
standard and are in accordance with IEEE/ASTM SI 10 Stan- Application
dard. E1150 Definitions of Terms Relating to Fatigue
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the E1823 Terminology Relating to Fatigue and Fracture Test-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the ing
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- IEEE/ASTM SI 10 Standard for Use of the International
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- System of Units (SI) (The Modern Metric System)
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Refer to Section 7
3. Terminology Definitions
for specific precautions.
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 Definitions of terms relating to advanced ceramics,
fiber-reinforced composites, tensile testing, and cyclic fatigue
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C28 on Advanced
Ceramics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C28.07 on Ceramic
Matrix Composites. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2007. Published February 2007. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as C1360–01. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/C1360-01R07. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
C1360–01 (2007)
as they appear in Terminology C1145, Terminology D3878, cyclic fatigue testing.
Terminology E6, and Terminology E1823, respectively, apply
3.2.7.1 Discussion—In glass technology static tests of con-
to the terms used in this practice. Selected terms with defini-
siderable duration are called “static fatigue” tests, a type of test
tions non specific to this practice follow in 3.2 with the
generally designated as stress-rupture.
appropriate source given in parenthesis. Terms specific to this
3.2.7.2 Discussion—Fluctuations may occur both in force
practice are defined in 3.3.
andwithtime(frequency)asinthecaseof“randomvibration.”
3.2 Definitions of Terms Non Specific to This Standard:
3.2.8 cyclic fatigue life, N—thenumberofloadingcyclesof
f
3.2.1 advanced ceramic, n—A highly engineered, high
a specified character that a given test specimen sustains before
performance predominately non-metallic, inorganic, ceramic
failure of a specified nature occurs. (See Terminology E1823.)
material having specific functional attributes. (See Terminol-
–2
3.2.9 cyclic fatigue limit, S[FL ], n—the limiting value of
ogy C1145.) f
–1
the median cyclic fatigue strength as the cyclic fatigue life, N,
f
3.2.2 axial strain [LL ], n—the average longitudinal
6 7
becomes very large, (for example, Nf 10–10 ). (See Termi-
strains measured at the surface on opposite sides of the
nology E1823.)
longitudinal axis of symmetry of the test specimen by two
strain-sensing devices located at the mid length of the reduced 3.2.9.1 Discussion—Certain materials and environments
section. (See Practice E1012.) preclude the attainment of a cyclic fatigue limit. Values
–1
3.2.3 bending strain [LL ], n—the difference between the tabulated as “fatigue limits” in the literature are frequently (but
strainatthesurfaceandtheaxialstrain.Ingeneral,thebending not always) values of S at 50 % survival at N cycles of stress
f f
strain varies from point to point around and along the reduced in which the mean stress, S , equals zero.
m
section of the test specimen. (See Practice E1012.)
3.2.10 cyclic fatigue strength S , [FL ], n—the limiting
N
3.2.4 ceramic matrix composite, n—a material consisting of
valueofthemediancyclicfatiguestrengthataparticularcyclic
two or more materials (insoluble in one another), in which the
fatigue life, N (See Terminology E1823).
f
major,continuouscomponent(matrixcomponent)isaceramic,
3.2.11 gage length, [L], n—the original length of that
while the secondary component(s) (reinforcing component)
portion of the test specimen over which strain or change of
may be ceramic, glass-ceramic, glass, metal or organic in
length is determined. (See Terminology E6.)
nature. These components are combined on a macroscale to
3.2.12 force ratio, n—in cyclic fatigue loading, the alge-
form a useful engineering material possessing certain proper-
braic ratio of the two loading parameters of a cycle; the most
ties or behavior not possessed by the individual constituents
widely used ratios (See Terminology E1150, E1823):
(See Test Method C1275.)
minimum force valley force
3.2.5 continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composite
R 5 or R 5
maximum force peak force
(CFCC), n—aceramicmatrixcompositeinwhichthereinforc-
ing phase consists of a continuous fiber, continuous yarn, or a
and
woven fabric. (See Terminology C1145.)
force amplitude ~maximum force – minimum force!
3.2.6 constant amplitude loading, n—in cyclic fatigue load-
A 5 or A 5
mean force ~maximum force 1 minimum force!
ing, a loading in which all peak loads are equal and all of the
–2
valley loads are equal. (See Terminology E1823.)
3.2.13 matrix-cracking stress [FL ], n—The applied ten-
3.2.7 cyclic fatigue, n—the process of progressive localized
sile stress at which the matrix cracks into a series of roughly
permanent structural change occurring in a material subjected
parallel blocks normal to the tensile stress. (See Test Method
to conditions that produce fluctuating stresses and strains at
C1275.)
some point or points and that may culminate in cracks or
3.2.13.1 Discussion—In some cases, the matrix-cracking
complete fracture after a sufficient number of fluctuations. (See
stress may be indicated on the stress-strain curve by deviation
Terminology E1823.) See Fig. 1 for nomenclature relevant to
from linearity (proportional limit) or incremental drops in the
stress with increasing strain. In other cases, especially with
materialsthatdonotpossessalinearportionofthestress-strain
curve, the matrix cracking stress may be indicated as the first
stress at which a permanent offset strain is detected in the
unloading stress-strain curve (elastic limit).
–2
3.2.14 modulus of elasticity [FL ], n—Theratioofstressto
corresponding strain below the proportional limit. (See Termi-
nology E6.)
–2
3.2.15 proportional limit stress [FL ], n—the greatest
stress that a material is capable of sustaining without any
deviation from proportionality of stress to strain (Hooke’s
law). (See Terminology E6.)
3.2.15.1 Discussion—Many experiments have shown that
values observed for the proportional limit vary greatly with the
sensitivity and accuracy of the testing equipment, eccentricity
FIG. 1 Cyclic Fatigue Nomenclature and Wave Forms. of loading, the scale to which the stress-strain diagram is
C1360–01 (2007)
plotted, and other factors. When determination of proportional fiber reinforcements. These materials are candidate materials
limit is required, specify the procedure and sensitivity of the for structural applications requiring high degrees of wear and
test equipment. corrosion resistance, and high-temperature inherent damage
3.2.16 percent bending, n—the bending strain times 100 tolerance (that is, toughness). In addition, continuous fiber-
divided by the axial strain. (See Practice E1012.) reinforced glass matrix composites are candidate materials for
3.2.17 S-N diagram, n—a plot of stress versus the number similar but possibly less-demanding applications. Although
of cycles to failure. The stress can be maximum stress, S , flexural test methods are commonly used to evaluate the
max
minimum stress, S , stress range, DS or S , or stress ampli- mechanical behavior of monolithic advanced ceramics, the
min r
tude, S . The diagram indicates the S-N relationship for a non-uniform stress distribution in a flexural test specimen in
a
specified value of S , A , R and a specified probability of addition to dissimilar mechanical behavior in tension and
m
survival. ForN,alog scale is almost always used, although a compression for CFCCs leads to ambiguity of interpretation of
linear scale may also be used. For S, a linear scale is usually test results obtained in flexure for CFCCs. Uniaxially-loaded
used, although a log scale may also be used. (See Terminology tensile tests provide information on mechanical behavior for a
E1150 and Practice E468.) uniformly stressed material.
3.2.18 slow crack growth, n—sub-critical crack growth 4.3 The cyclic fatigue behavior of CFCCs can have appre-
(extension) that may result from, but is not restricted to, such ciable non-linear effects (for example, sliding of fibers within
mechanisms as environmentally-assisted stress corrosion or the matrix) which may be related to the heat transfer of the
diffusive crack growth (See Test Method C1275). specimen to the surroundings. Changes in test temperature,
–2
3.2.19 tensile strength [FL ], n—the maximum tensile frequency, and heat removal can affect test results. It may be
stress which a material is capable of sustaining. Tensile desirable to measure the effects of these variables to more
strengthiscalculatedfromthemaximumforceduringatension closely simulate end-use conditions for some specific applica-
test carried to rupture and the original cross-sectional area of tion.
the test specimen. (See Terminology E6.) 4.4 Cyclic fatigue by its nature is a probabilistic phenom-
3 4
3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: enon as discussed in STP91A and STP588 . In addition, the
–2
3.3.1 fracture strength [FL ], n—the tensile stress that the strengths of the brittle matrices and fibers of CFCCs are
material sustains at the instant of fracture. Fracture strength is probabilistic in nature. Therefore, a sufficient number of test
calculated from the force at fracture during a tension test specimens at each testing condition is required for statistical
carried to rupture and the original cross-sectional area of the analysis and design, with guidelines for sufficient numbers
3 4
test specimen. providedinSTP91A ,STP588 ,andPracticeE739.Studiesto
3.3.1.1 Discussion—In some cases, the fracture strength determine the influence of test specimen volume or surface
may be identical to the tensile strength if the force at fracture area on cyclic fatigue strength distributions for CFCCs have
is the maximum for the test. not been completed. The many different tensile test specimen
–2
3.3.2 maximum stress, S [FL ], n—themaximumapplied geometries available for cyclic fatigue testing may result in
min
stress during cyclic fatigue. variations in the measured cyclic fatigue behavior of a particu-
–2
3.3.3 mean stress,S [FL ], n—the difference between the lar material due to differences in the volume of material in the
a
mean stress and the maximum or minimum stress such that gage section of the test specimens.
4.5 Tensile cyclic fatigue tests provide information on the
S 1 S
max min
S 5 (1)
m material response under fluctuating uniaxial tensile stresses.
Uniform stress states are required to effectively evaluate any
–2]
3.3.4 minimum stress, S [FL , n—the minimum applied
min
nonlinear stress-strain behavior which may develop as the
stress during cyclic fatigue.
result of cumulative damage processes (for example, matrix
–2]
3.3.5 stress amplitude, S [FL , n—the difference between
a
microcracking, fiber/matrix debonding, delamination, cyclic
the mean stress and the maximum stress such that
fatigue crack growth, etc.)
S 2 S
max min
4.6 Cumulative damage due to cyclic fatigue may be influ-
S 5 5 S 2 S 5 S 2 S (2)
a max m m min
enced by testing mode, testing rate (related to frequency),
–2]
3.3.6 stress range, DSorS [FL , n—the difference be- dif
...
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