ASTM D6572-12
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Determining Dispersive Characteristics of Clayey Soils by the Crumb Test
Standard Test Methods for Determining Dispersive Characteristics of Clayey Soils by the Crumb Test
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The crumb test method provides a simple, quick method for field or laboratory identification of a dispersive clay soil. The internal erosion failures of a number of homogeneous earth dams, erosion along channel or canal banks, and rainfall erosion of earthen structures have been attributed to colloidal erosion along cracks or other flow channels formed in masses of dispersive clay (5).
5.2 The crumb test method, as originally developed by Emerson (6), was called the aggregate coherence test and had seven different categories of soil-water reactions. Sherard (5) later simplified the test by combining some soil-water reactions so that only four categories, or grades, of soil dispersion are observed during the test. The crumb test is a relatively accurate positive indicator of the presence of dispersive properties in a soil. The crumb test, however, is not a completely reliable negative indicator that soils are not dispersive. The crumb test can seldom be relied upon as a sole test method for determining the presence of dispersive clays. The double-hydrometer test (Test Method D4221) and pinhole test (Test Method D4647) are test methods that provide valuable additional insight into the probable dispersive behavior of clay soils.Note 2—The quality of the result produced by these test methods is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing. Users of these test methods are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself ensure reliable testing. Reliable testing depends on several factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 Two test methods are provided to give a qualitative indication of the natural dispersive characteristics of clayey soils. Method A is for natural soil clumps and method B for remolded soil.
1.2 These test methods are not applicable for soils with less than 12 % finer than 0.005 mm and with a plasticity index less than or equal to 8.
1.3 The crumb test method has some limitations in its usefulness as an indicator of dispersive clay. A dispersive soil may sometimes give a non-dispersive reaction in the crumb test. Soils containing kaolinite with known field dispersion problems have shown non-dispersive reactions in the crumb test (1)2. However, if the crumb test indicates dispersion, the soil is probably dispersive.
1.4 Oven-dried soil should not be used to prepare crumb test specimens, as irreversible changes could occur to the soil pore-water physicochemical properties responsible for dispersion (2).
1.5 The crumb test method, while a good quick indication of dispersive clay, should usually be run in conjunction with a pinhole test and a double hydrometer test, Test Methods D4647 and D4221, respectively.Note 1—In some cases, the results of the pinhole, crumb, and double-hydrometer test methods may disagree. Crumb test methods are a better indicator of dispersive clays than of nondispersive clays (3).
1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.
1.6.1 The method used to specify how data are collected, calculated, or recorded in this standard is not directly related to the accuracy to which the data can be applied in design or other uses, or both. How one applies the results obtained using this standard is beyond its scope.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitat...
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Designation: D6572 − 12
StandardTest Methods for
Determining Dispersive Characteristics of Clayey Soils by
1
the Crumb Test
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6572; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* uses, or both. How one applies the results obtained using this
standard is beyond its scope.
1.1 Two test methods are provided to give a qualitative
indication of the natural dispersive characteristics of clayey 1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
soils.Test MethodAis for natural soil clumps andTest Method standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
B for remolded soil. only.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
1.2 These test methods are not applicable for soils with less
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
than 12 % finer than 0.005 mm and with a plasticity index less
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
than or equal to 8.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.3 The crumb test method has some limitations in its
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
usefulness as an indicator of dispersive clay. A dispersive soil
may sometimes give a non-dispersive reaction in the crumb
2. Referenced Documents
test. Soils containing kaolinite with known field dispersion
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
problems have shown non-dispersive reactions in the crumb
2
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
test (1). However, if the crumb test indicates dispersion, the
Fluids
soil is probably dispersive.
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
1.4 Oven-driedsoilshouldnotbeusedtopreparecrumbtest
D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water
specimens, as irreversible changes could occur to the soil
(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
pore-water physicochemical properties responsible for disper-
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
sion (2).
Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as
1.5 Thecrumbtestmethod,whileagoodquickindicationof Used in Engineering Design and Construction
dispersive clay, should usually be run in conjunction with a
D4221 Test Method for Dispersive Characteristics of Clay
pinholetestandadoublehydrometertest,TestMethodsD4647 Soil by Double Hydrometer
and D4221, respectively.
D4318 Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and
Plasticity Index of Soils
NOTE 1—In some cases, the results of the pinhole, crumb, and
D4647 Test Method for Identification and Classification of
double-hydrometer test methods may disagree. Crumb test methods are a
Dispersive Clay Soils by the Pinhole Test
better indicator of dispersive clays than of nondispersive clays (3).
D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical
1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the
Data
guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
Practice D6026.
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test
1.6.1 The method used to specify how data are collected,
Sieves
calculated, or recorded in this standard is not directly related to
E2251 Specification for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermom-
theaccuracytowhichthedatacanbeappliedindesignorother
eters with Low-Hazard Precision Liquids
3. Terminology
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil
3.1 Definitions:
and Rock and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.06 on Physical-
Chemical Interactions of Soil and Rock
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2012. Published December 2012. Originally
3
approved in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D4186 – 06. DOI: For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
10.1520/D6572-12. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
this standard. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D6572 − 12
means of evaluating some of those factors.
3.1.1 For definitions of other terms used in these test
methods, refer to Terminology D653.
6. Interference
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
6.1 Oven-dried soil shall not be used in performing the
3.2.1 dispersive cl
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D6572 − 06 D6572 − 12
Standard Test Methods for
Determining Dispersive Characteristics of Clayey Soils by
1
the Crumb Test
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6572; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 TheseTwo test methods provide are provided to give a qualitative indication of the natural dispersive characteristics of
clayey soils. Method A is for natural soil clumps and method B for remolded soil.
1.2 These test methods are not applicable for soils with less than 12 % fraction finer than 0.005 mm and with a plasticity index
less than or equal to 8.
1.3 The crumb test method has some limitations in its usefulness as an indicator of dispersive clay. A dispersive soil may
sometimes give a nondispersivenon-dispersive reaction in the crumb test. Soils containing kaolinite with known field dispersion
2
problems have shown nondispersivenon-dispersive reactions in the crumb test (1) . However, if the crumb test indicates dispersion,
the soil is probably dispersive.
1.4 Oven-dried soil should not be used to prepare crumb test specimens, as irreversible changes could occur to the soil
pore-water physicochemical properties responsible for dispersion (2).
1.5 The crumb test method, while a good quick indication of dispersive clay, should usually be run in conjunction with a pinhole
test and a double hydrometer test, Test Methods D4647 and D4221, respectively.
NOTE 1—In some cases, the results of the pinhole, crumb, and double-hydrometer test methods may disagree. Crumb test methods are a better indicator
of dispersive clays than of nondispersive clays (3).
1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice
D6026.
1.6.1 The method used to specify how data are collected, calculated, or recorded in this standard is not directly related to the
accuracy to which the data can be applied in design or other uses, or both. How one applies the results obtained using this standard
is beyond its scope.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in
Engineering Design and Construction
D4221 Test Method for Dispersive Characteristics of Clay Soil by Double Hydrometer
D4318 Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.06 on Physical-Chemical
Interactions of Soil and Rock
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2006Nov. 1, 2012. Published December 2006December 2012. Originally approved in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as
D4186 – 06. DOI: 10.1520/D6572-06.10.1520/D6572-12.
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this standard.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D6572 − 12
D4647 Test Method for Identification and Classification of Dispersive Clay Soils by the Pinhole Test
D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical Data
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth
...
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