ASTM C1791-16
(Guide)Standard Guide for Reduction of Efflorescence Potential in New Unit Pavement Systems
Standard Guide for Reduction of Efflorescence Potential in New Unit Pavement Systems
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide provides information that, if implemented, will reduce efflorescence potential in new unit pavement systems. However, its implementation will not always completely prevent efflorescence.
4.2 This guide may be augmented by related information contained in the appendixes of Specification C270, the additional material listed in Appendix X1 in this standard, and other publications.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers methods for reducing efflorescence potential in new unit pavement systems.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: C1791 − 16
Standard Guide for
Reduction of Efflorescence Potential in New Unit Pavement
1
Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1791; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* pounds in clay masonry are usually yellow or green; and stains
produced by acid-soluble manganese compounds are usually
1.1 This guide covers methods for reducing efflorescence
brown or gray.
potential in new unit pavement systems.
3.2.3 jointing material, n—mortar, aggregate, sealant, or
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
other materials used between paver units.
as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for
3.2.4 unit pavement system, n—a system consisting of edge
information only.
restraint, wearing course of discrete clay or concrete pavers,
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
setting bed, jointing material, base or sub-base, or combination
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
thereof, and appropriate drainage elements.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2.4.1 Discussion—Flexible pavement is a unit pavement
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
system whose wearing course consists of discrete clay or
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
concrete pavers on an aggregate base, an aggregate base
stabilized with asphalt or cement, or asphalt pavement.
2. Referenced Documents
3.2.4.2 Discussion—Rigid pavement is a unit pavement
2.1 ASTM Standards:
system whose surface wearing course consists of discrete clay
C67 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick and
or concrete units on a rigid base such as concrete.
Structural Clay Tile
C270 Specification for Mortar for Unit Masonry
4. Significance and Use
C1180 Terminology of Mortar and Grout for Unit Masonry
4.1 This guide provides information that, if implemented,
C1232 Terminology of Masonry
will reduce efflorescence potential in new unit pavement
systems. However, its implementation will not always com-
3. Terminology
pletely prevent efflorescence.
3.1 Definitions:
4.2 This guide may be augmented by related information
3.1.1 Terminology defined in Terminologies C1180 and
contained in the appendixes of Specification C270, the addi-
C1232 shall apply in this guide.
tional material listed in Appendix X1 in this standard, and
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
other publications.
3.2.1 cryptoflorescence, n—a crystalline deposit of water-
5. Principles of Efflorescence
soluble compounds in the pores of unit pavement system
5.1 Efflorescence is directly related to the quantity of
materials.
water-soluble compounds within, or exposed to, a unit pave-
3.2.2 efflorescence, n—a crystalline deposit, usually white,
ment system; and to the quantity of water exposed to these
of water-soluble compounds on the surface of a unit pavement
compounds. Water-soluble compounds or water causing efflo-
system.
rescence may be from adjacent surfaces or beneath the pave-
3.2.2.1 Discussion—While not considered to be
ment system: for example, fertilizer in runoff from adjacent
efflorescence, stains produced by acid-soluble vanadium com-
flower beds or lawns; ground water evaporating through the
wearing course; water-soluble compounds leaching out of
crushed recycled concrete used in pavement bases; and water
1
from sprinkler systems and roofs. Since neither water nor
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 on
Manufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
water-soluble compounds can be completely eliminated from
C15.05 on Masonry Assemblies.
unit pavement systems, the potential for efflorescence is
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2016. Published August 2016. Originally
reduced by reducing water-soluble compounds and water
approved in 2014. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as C1791 –15. DOI:
10.1520/C1791-16. retained within the unit pavement system.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C1791 − 16
5.2 Water can penetrate through joints in the surface of unit 6.2.5 Gutters, overhangs, and canopies to protect the pave-
pavementsystems.Itcanpenetratevoidsinthemortarjointsor ment from rain.
the interface between the paver unit and jointing material. 6.2.6 For concrete paving units, utilization of integral efflo-
rescence controlling compounds in
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C1791 − 15 C1791 − 16
Standard Guide for
Reduction of Efflorescence Potential in New Unit Pavement
1
Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1791; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This guide covers methods for reducing efflorescence potential in new unit pavement systems.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for
information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C67 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick and Structural Clay Tile
C270 Specification for Mortar for Unit Masonry
C1180 Terminology of Mortar and Grout for Unit Masonry
C1232 Terminology of Masonry
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 Terminology defined in Terminologies C1180 and C1232 shall apply in this guide.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 cryptoflorescence, n—a crystalline deposit of water-soluble compounds in the pores of unit pavement system materials.
3.2.2 efflorescence, n—a crystalline deposit, usually white, of water-soluble compounds on the surface of a unit pavement
system.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 on Manufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C15.05 on Masonry
Assemblies.
Current edition approved July 1, 2015Aug. 1, 2016. Published July 2015August 2016. Originally approved in 2014. Last previous edition approved in 20142015 as C1791
–14a.–15. DOI: 10.1520/C1791-15.10.1520/C1791-16.
3.2.2.1 Discussion—
While not considered to be efflorescence, stains produced by acid-soluble vanadium compounds in clay masonry are usually yellow
or green; and stains produced by acid-soluble manganese compounds are usually brown or gray.
3.2.3 jointing material, n—mortar, aggregate, sealant, or other materials used between paver units.
3.2.4 unit pavement system, n—a system consisting of edge restraint, wearing course of discrete clay or concrete pavers, setting
bed, jointing material, base or sub-base, or combination thereof, and appropriate drainage elements.
3.2.4.1 Discussion—
Flexible pavement is a unit pavement system whose wearing course consists of discrete clay or concrete pavers on an aggregate
base, an aggregate base stabilized with asphalt or cement, or asphalt pavement.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C1791 − 16
3.2.4.2 Discussion—
Rigid pavement is a unit pavement system whose surface wearing course consists of discrete clay or concrete units on a rigid base
such as concrete.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 This guide provides information that, if implemented, will reduce efflorescence potential in new unit pavement systems.
However, its implementation will not always completely prevent efflorescence.
4.2 This guide may be augmented by related information contained in the appendixes of Specification C270, the additional
material listed in Appendix X1 in this standard, and other publications.
5. Principles of Efflorescence
5.1 Efflorescence is directly related to the quantity of water-soluble compounds within, or exposed to, a unit pavement system;
and to the quantity of water exposed to these compounds. Water-soluble compounds or water causing efflorescence may be from
adjacent surfaces or beneath the pavement system: for example, fertilizer in runoff from adjacent flower beds or lawns; ground
water evaporating through the wearing course; water-soluble compounds leaching out of crushed recycled concrete used in
pavement bases; and water from sprinkler systems and roofs. Since neither water nor water-soluble compounds can be completely
eliminated from unit pavement systems, the potential for efflorescence is reduced by reducing water-soluble compounds and water
retained within the unit pavement system.
5.2 Water can penetrate thr
...
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