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ASTM E3031-15

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determination of Antibacterial Activity on Ceramic Surfaces

Standard Test Method for Determination of Antibacterial Activity on Ceramic Surfaces

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Current solid surface test methodologies, such as the Test Method E2180 and ISO 22196, do not take into account the complexities associated with a ceramic surface. This includes, but is not limited to, differing chemistries incorporated into the glaze and desiccation due to water absorption through the bisque body. Each point will be elaborated below:  
5.1.1 The glaze composition of ceramic tiles can vary between manufacturers, lots, and product lines. Some glaze chemistries such as tin, silver and copper can negatively impact the testing conditions. Therefore, an untreated tile from the same lot is not always suitable for comparison. The control tile proposed herein is capable of supporting growth over the indicated time frame and nutrient level (see Section 9).  
5.1.2 Desiccation is a common problem when testing tile surfaces. This can be overcome by pre-hydrating the tile by placing the specimen on a moistened wipe and allowing incubation for 18 to 24 h before beginning the test. This reduces the number of false positive results and more accurately measures the ability of the antimicrobial to inhibit growth.  
5.2 This test method utilizes a low inoculum load and requires growth on the control substrate to demonstrate a valid testing environment. In addition, while some antimicrobials demonstrate activity against static cultures, others require growth of the bacteria to maintain activity. A low inoculum level will allow for both types of antimicrobials to be examined with the same testing conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This method is designed to quantitatively evaluate the antibacterial activity of glazed ceramic surfaces that have been specifically designed to contain an antibacterial treatment as part of the glaze. This test method is meant to compare the efficacy of one ceramic surface to another ceramic surface using the stated conditions and is not meant to be extrapolated to other conditions.  
1.2 Knowledge of microbiological techniques is required for this test.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Oct-2015
ICS
81.060.20 - Ceramic products
Technical Committee
E35 - Pesticides, Antimicrobials, and Alternative Control Agents
Drafting Committee
E35.15 - Antimicrobial Agents
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM E3031-15 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Antibacterial Activity on Ceramic SurfacesASTM E3031-15 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Antibacterial Activity on Ceramic Surfaces
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ASTM E3031-15 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Antibacterial Activity on Ceramic Surfaces
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E3031 − 15
Standard Test Method for
1
Determination of Antibacterial Activity on Ceramic Surfaces
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3031; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
3
1. Scope 2.2 ISO Standard:
ISO 22196Measurement of Antibacterial Activity on Plas-
1.1 This method is designed to quantitatively evaluate the
tics and Other Non-porous Surfaces
antibacterialactivityofglazedceramicsurfacesthathavebeen
specifically designed to contain an antibacterial treatment as
3. Terminology
part of the glaze. This test method is meant to compare the
3.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method refer to
efficacy of one ceramic surface to another ceramic surface
Terminology E2756.
using the stated conditions and is not meant to be extrapolated
to other conditions.
4. Summary of Test Method
1.2 Knowledge of microbiological techniques is required 4.1 This test method is used for evaluating the antibacterial
for this test.
effectofantimicrobialsincorporatedintoaceramicglaze.This
standard does not seek to imitate all possible real world
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
scenarios but to provide a standardized method to compare
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
multipleantimicrobialtechnologiesthatcanbeincorporatedor
standard.
coatedonaceramicsurface.Theinherentnatureoftheceramic
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
tile allows for desiccation, therefore each ceramic specimen is
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
equilibrated to the testing environment for 18- 24 h. Once the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
tiles are equilibrated, bacteria are inoculated onto the surface
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
followed by a 24-h exposure time. Bacteria are recovered in a
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
neutralizer broth and enumerated according to a validated
method. Log reductions are calculated for a treated versus an
2. Referenced Documents untreated sample.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
5. Significance and Use
E177Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
5.1 Current solid surface test methodologies, such as the
ASTM Test Methods
Test Method E2180 and ISO 22196, do not take into account
E691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
the complexities associated with a ceramic surface. This
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
includes, but is not limited to, differing chemistries incorpo-
E1054Test Methods for Evaluation of Inactivators of Anti-
rated into the glaze and desiccation due to water absorption
microbial Agents
through the bisque body. Each point will be elaborated below:
E2180Test Method for Determining the Activity of Incor-
5.1.1 The glaze composition of ceramic tiles can vary
porated Antimicrobial Agent(s) In Polymeric or Hydro-
between manufacturers, lots, and product lines. Some glaze
phobic Materials
chemistriessuchastin,silverandcoppercannegativelyimpact
E2756Terminology Relating toAntimicrobial andAntiviral
the testing conditions. Therefore, an untreated tile from the
Agents
samelotisnotalwayssuitableforcomparison.Thecontroltile
proposed herein is capable of supporting growth over the
indicated time frame and nutrient level (see Section 9).
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E35 on
5.1.2 Desiccation is a common problem when testing tile
Pesticides, Antimicrobials, and Alternative Control Agents and is the direct
surfaces. This can be overcome by pre-hydrating the tile by
responsibility of Subcommittee E35.15 on Antimicrobial Agents.
placing the specimen on a moistened wipe and allowing
Current edition approved Oct. 15, 2015. Published December 2015. DOI:
10.1520/E3031–15
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
3
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,
the ASTM website. Geneva, Switzerland, http://www.iso.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E3031 − 15
incubation for 18 to 24 h before beginning the test. This 7.2.1.1 Alternativemediamaybeusedforovernightculture
reduces the number of false positive results and mo
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Current solid surface test methodologies, such as the Test Method E2180 and ISO 22196, do not take into account the complexities associated with a ceramic surface. This includes, but is not limited to, differing chemistries incorporated into the glaze and desiccation due to water absorption through the bisque body. Each point will be elaborated below:  
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4.1 The determination of lead and cadmium release from porcelain enamel surfaces was formerly of interest only to manufacturers of porcelain enamel cookware and similar food service products. Food contact surfaces of these container-type products have been evaluated using a test procedure similar to Test Method C738. Recently, however, there has been a need to measure lead and cadmium release from flat or curved porcelain enamel surfaces that are not capable of being evaluated by a test similar to Test Method C738.
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Standard Terminology Relating to Surface Imperfections on Ceramics

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1.1 This terminology describes and illustrates imperfections observed on whitewares and related products. For additional definitions of terms relating to whitewares and related products, refer to Terminology C242. To observe these defects, examination shall be performed visually, with or without the aid of a dye penetrant, as described in Test Method C949. Agreement by the manufacturer and the purchaser regarding specific techniques of observation is strongly recommended.  
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Standard Test Method for Dynamic Young's Modulus, Shear Modulus, and Poisson's Ratio by Sonic Resonance

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5.1 This test method has advantages in certain respects over the use of static loading systems for measuring moduli.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the dynamic elastic properties of elastic materials. Specimens of these materials possess specific mechanical resonant frequencies that are determined by the modulus of elasticity, mass, and geometry of the test specimen. Therefore, the dynamic elastic properties of a material can be computed if the geometry, mass, and mechanical resonant frequencies of a suitable test specimen of that material can be measured. The dynamic Young's modulus is determined using the fundamental flexural resonant frequency. The dynamic shear modulus, or modulus of rigidity, is found using the fundamental torsional resonant frequency. Dynamic Young's modulus and dynamic shear modulus are used to compute Poisson's ratio.  
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1.4 This test method shall not be used for determination of Poisson’s ratio of anisotropic materials.
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1.6 The test method should not be used when materials cannot be fabricated in a uniform rectangular or circular cross section.  
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1.8 This test method may be modified for use in quality control. A range of acceptable resonant frequencies is determined for a specimen with a particular geometry and mass. Any specimen with a frequency response falling outside this frequency range is rejected. The actual modulus of each specimen need not be determined as long as the limits of the selected frequency range are known to include the resonant frequency that the specimen must possess if its geometry and mass are within specified tolerances.  
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