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ASTM C326-09(2018)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Drying and Firing Shrinkages of Ceramic Whiteware Clays

Standard Test Method for Drying and Firing Shrinkages of Ceramic Whiteware Clays

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 The purpose of this test is to obtain values of shrinkage after drying and firing of clays or bodies or both, under various processing conditions to enable designers to determine the proper size of mold or die so as to produce a predetermined size of fired ware.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of linear shrinkage of ceramic whiteware clays, both unfired and fired.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Sep-2018
ICS
81.060.10 - Raw materials
Technical Committee
C21 - Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products
Drafting Committee
C21.04 - Raw Materials
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM C326-09(2014) - Standard Test Method for Drying and Firing Shrinkages of Ceramic Whiteware Clays
Effective Date
01-Oct-2018

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ASTM C326-09(2018) - Standard Test Method for Drying and Firing Shrinkages of Ceramic Whiteware ClaysASTM C326-09(2018) - Standard Test Method for Drying and Firing Shrinkages of Ceramic Whiteware Clays
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ASTM C326-09(2018) - Standard Test Method for Drying and Firing Shrinkages of Ceramic Whiteware Clays
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C326 − 09 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Test Method for
Drying and Firing Shrinkages of Ceramic Whiteware Clays
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C326; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* of specimens rigid enough to allow careful handling without
distortion immediately after the test specimen is made. Plastic-
1.1 This test method covers the determination of linear
formed test specimens shall be made either by extrusion or by
shrinkage of ceramic whiteware clays, both unfired and fired.
pressing in a suitable metal mold. Where a vacuum pugmill is
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
used, a vacuum of not less than 25 in. (635 mm) Hg shall be
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
maintained during the forming operation. Where no vacuum
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
attachment is used, the plastic clay shall be thoroughly hand-
and are not considered standard.
wedged to eliminate entrapped air as a preliminary to forming
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
test pieces.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.3 The test specimens, cast or plastic-formed, shall be
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
suitably identified and marked with shrinkage reference lines
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
4 in. (102 mm) apart on the long axis of the specimen. The
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
shrinkage reference lines may conveniently be made with a
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
gage with knife edges at zero and 4 in. (102 mm) and marking
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
must be done as soon as the bars can be handled without
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
distortion.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3.4 The marked specimens shall then be placed on a lightly
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
oiled pallet with semi-circular grooves 0.40 in. (10.2 mm) in
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
diameter and allowed to dry at 68 to 100°F (20 to 40°C) for
2. Significance and Use
24 h. The purpose of the semi-circular (half round) grooves is
to maintain straightness of the bars during drying. During this
2.1 The purpose of this test is to obtain values of shrinkage
preliminary drying period, the bars shall be turned 90° several
after drying and firing of clays or bodies or both, under various
times at 2-h intervals to eliminate possible warping in the
processing conditions to enable designers to determine the
vertical direction.After the initial drying period, the specimens
proper size of mold or die so as to produce a predetermined
shall be placed in a drying oven at 200 to 230°F (100 to 110°C)
size of fired ware.
and further dried for 24 h.
3. Test Specimens
3.5 The drying shrinkage of the test specimens should be
3.1 Test specimens shall be round bars approximately
determined in accordance with Sections 4 and 5. The speci-
0.75 in. (19 mm) in diameter by 5 in. (127 mm) in length.
mens can now be fired according to a suitable firing schedule
to the desired temperature and the procedures of Sections 4 and
3.2 Test specimens may be prepared either by casting or
5 applied to determine the total shrinkage.
plastic forming, as circumstances require. At least ten speci-
mens shall be prepared. For cast specimens the molds may be
3.6 The test bars must be clearly identified as to whether
either one-piece, or two- or more-part molds; in either instance
they were cast or extruded, and shrinkage data likewise
sufficient space shall be provided to allow solid casting without
identified because of slight differences in shrinkage between
piping. Where plastic-forming is employed, the clay-water
cast and extruded bars.
m
...

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1.1 These test methods cover the estimation of the average particle size in micrometres of alumina and silica powders using an air permeability method. The test methods are intended to apply to the testing of alumina and silica powders in the particle size range from 0.2 to 75 μm.  
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4.1 Both suppliers and users of pulverized ceramic powders will find this test method useful to determine particle size distributions for materials specifications, manufacturing control, development, and research.  
4.2 The test method is simple, although tedious, uses inexpensive equipment, and will provide a continuous curve with data obtained with standardized woven sieves.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the determination of the particle size distribution of pulverized alumina and quartz for particle sizes from 45 to 5 μm by wet sieving.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 The only exception is in the Section 5, Apparatus, 5.1 where there is no relevant SI equivalent.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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