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ASTM C1334-05(2010)

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Uranium Oxides with a 235U Content of Less Than 5 % for Dissolution Prior to Conversion to Nuclear-Grade Uranium Dioxide

Standard Specification for Uranium Oxides with a <sup>235</sup>U Content of Less Than 5 % for Dissolution Prior to Conversion to Nuclear-Grade Uranium Dioxide

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers uranium oxides, including processed byproducts or scrap material (powder, pellets, or pieces), that are intended for dissolution into uranyl nitrate solution meeting the requirements of Specification C788 prior to conversion into nuclear grade UO2 powder with a  235U content of less than 5 %. This specification defines the impurity and uranium isotope limits for such urania powders that are to be dissolved prior to processing to nuclear grade UO2 as defined in Specification C753.
1.2 This specification provides the nuclear industry with a general standard for such uranium oxide powders. It recognizes the diversity of conversion processes and the processes to which such powders are subsequently to be subjected (for instance, by solvent extraction). It is therefore anticipated that it may be necessary to include supplementary specification limits by agreement between the buyer and seller.
1.3 The scope of this specification does not comprehensively cover all provisions for preventing criticality accidents, for health and safety, or for shipping. Observance of this specification does not relieve the user of the obligation to conform to all international, national, state and local regulations for processing, shipping, or any other way of using urania powders (see 2.2 and 2.3).

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
28-Feb-2010
ICS
27.120.30 - Fissile materials and nuclear fuel technology
Technical Committee
C26 - Nuclear Fuel Cycle
Drafting Committee
C26.02 - Fuel and Fertile Material Specifications
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM C1334-05e1 - Standard Specification for Uranium Oxides with a <sup>235</sup>U Content of Less Than 5 % for Dissolution Prior to Conversion to Nuclear-Grade Uranium Dioxide
Effective Date
01-Mar-2010
Referred By
ASTM C1413-18 - Standard Test Method for Isotopic Analysis of Hydrolyzed Uranium Hexafluoride and Uranyl Nitrate Solutions by Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Effective Date
01-Mar-2010

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ASTM C1334-05(2010) - Standard Specification for Uranium Oxides with a <sup>235</sup>U Content of Less Than 5 % for Dissolution Prior to Conversion to Nuclear-Grade Uranium DioxideASTM C1334-05(2010) - Standard Specification for Uranium Oxides with a <sup>235</sup>U Content of Less Than 5 % for Dissolution Prior to Conversion to Nuclear-Grade Uranium Dioxide
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ASTM C1334-05(2010) - Standard Specification for Uranium Oxides with a <sup>235</sup>U Content of Less Than 5 % for Dissolution Prior to Conversion to Nuclear-Grade Uranium Dioxide
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:C1334 −05(Reapproved 2010)
Standard Specification for
Uranium Oxides with a U Content of Less Than 5% for
Dissolution Prior to Conversion to Nuclear-Grade Uranium
Dioxide
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1334; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope C753 Specification for Nuclear-Grade, Sinterable Uranium
Dioxide Powder
1.1 This specification covers uranium oxides, including
C788 Specification for Nuclear-Grade Uranyl Nitrate Solu-
processed byproducts or scrap material (powder, pellets, or
tion or Crystals
pieces), that are intended for dissolution into uranyl nitrate
C799 Test Methods for Chemical, Mass Spectrometric,
solution meeting the requirements of Specification C788 prior
Spectrochemical, Nuclear, and RadiochemicalAnalysis of
to conversion into nuclear grade UO powder with a U
Nuclear-Grade Uranyl Nitrate Solutions
contentoflessthan5 %.Thisspecificationdefinestheimpurity
C859 Terminology Relating to Nuclear Materials
and uranium isotope limits for such urania powders that are to
C996 Specification for Uranium Hexafluoride Enriched to
be dissolved prior to processing to nuclear grade UO as
Less Than 5 % U
defined in Specification C753.
C1233 Practice for Determining Equivalent Boron Contents
1.2 This specification provides the nuclear industry with a
of Nuclear Materials
generalstandardforsuchuraniumoxidepowders.Itrecognizes
E105 Practice for Probability Sampling of Materials
the diversity of conversion processes and the processes to
2.2 ANSI Standard:
which such powders are subsequently to be subjected (for
ANSI/ASME NQA-1 Quality Assurance Requirements for
instance, by solvent extraction). It is therefore anticipated that
Nuclear Facility Applications
it may be necessary to include supplementary specification
limits by agreement between the buyer and seller.
2.3 U.S. Government Document:
Federal Regulations Title 10, (Energy) Part 50, Domestic
1.3 The scope of this specification does not comprehen-
Licensing of Production and Utilization Facilities
sively cover all provisions for preventing criticality accidents,
for health and safety, or for shipping. Observance of this
3. Terminology
specification does not relieve the user of the obligation to
conform to all international, national, state and local regula-
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
tionsforprocessing,shipping,oranyotherwayofusingurania
3.1.1 Terms shall be defined in accordance with Terminol-
powders (see 2.2 and 2.3).
ogy C859, except for the following:
3.1.2 Commercial Grade Uranium Oxide, n—any oxide of
2. Referenced Documents
uranium made from unirradiated uranium. It is recognized
2.1 ASTM Standards:
some contamination with reprocessed uranium may occur
C696 Test Methods for Chemical, Mass Spectrometric, and
during routine processing; this is acceptable provided that the
Spectrochemical Analysis of Nuclear-Grade Uranium Di-
specification for Commercial Grade Uranium Oxide as set
oxide Powders and Pellets
forth in 4.1 is met.
3.1.3 scrap, n—in the nuclear industry, residues that contain
sufficient quantities of source or special nuclear material to be
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C26 on
worthy of recovery.
Nuclear Fuel Cycle and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C26.02 on Fuel
and Fertile Material Specifications.
Current edition approved March 1, 2010. Published April 2010. Originally
ϵ1
approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as C1334 – 05 . DOI:
10.1520/C1334-05R10. Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM AvailablefromU.S.GovernmentPrintingOfficeSuperintendentofDocuments,
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http://
the ASTM website. www.access.gpo.gov.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C1334−05 (2010)
4. Isotopic Content mended in Practice C1233. The method of performing the
calculation shall be as indicated in Practice C1233.
4.1 For Commercial Grade Uranium Oxide with an isotopic
content of U between that of natural uranium and 5 %, the
5.4 If the concentrations of any of the elements used in the
isotopic and radionuclide limits of Specification C996 shall
calculations in 5.2 are reported as a less-than value, this
apply. The specific isotopic and radionuclide measurements
less-than value shall be used for any further calculations
required by Specification C996 may be waived, provided that
involving the concentration of this element.
the seller can demonstrate compliance through, for instance,
5.5 Moisture Content—The moisture content of the uranium
the seller’s quality assurance records.
oxide shall not exceed 1 % by weight unless otherwise agreed
4.2 For commercial uranium oxides not having an assay in
upon by the buyer and seller.
the range set forth in 4.1, the isotopic requirements shall be as
5.6 Ability to Flow—The Commercial Grade Uranium Ox-
agreed upon between the buyer and seller.
ide shall be sufficiently free-flowing to permit sampling and
powder handling.
5. Physical and Chemical Requirements
5.1 Uranium Content—The uranium content shall be deter-
5.7 Particle Size—Particle size, size distribution and
mined using methods described in Test Methods C696 and
method of determination shall be as agreed upon between the
C799, or as agreed upon between the buyer and seller. Based
buyer and seller. Packing or agglomeration during shipping, or
on the oxygen-to-uranium ratio, the minimum total uranium
both, may be a concern.
content shall also be agreed upon between the buyer and seller.
5.8 Dissolvability—At the buyer’s request, a dissolvability
5.2 Impurity Content—The impurity content shall not ex-
test shall be performed by a procedure and to a specification as
ceed the individual element limits specified in Table 1. The
mutually agreed upon between buyer and seller. The test
summationofthecontributiono
...

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ASTM C1295-24(Test Method)
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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of gamma energy emitted from fission products in uranium hexafluoride (UF6) and uranyl nitrate solution. This test method may also be used to measure the concentration of some uranium decay products. It is intended to provide a method for demonstrating compliance with UF6 Specifications C787 and C996, uranyl nitrate Specification C788, and uranium ore concentrate Specification C967.  
1.2 The lower limit of detection is estimated at 5000 MeV Bq/kg (MeV kg-1/s-1) of uranium and is the square root of the sum of the squares of the individual reporting limits of the nuclides to be measured. The limit of detection was determined on a pure, aged natural uranium (ANU) solution. The value is dependent upon the detector efficiency and background that can be achieved.  
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1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Additionally, the non-SI units of kiloelectron volts and megaelectron volts are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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ASTM C859-24(Terminology)
Standard Terminology Relating to Nuclear Materials

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1.1 This terminology standard covers terms, definitions, descriptions of terms, nomenclature, and explanations of acronyms and symbols specifically associated with standards under the jurisdiction of Committee C26 on Nuclear Fuel Cycle. The content of this terminology standard may also be applicable to documents not under the jurisdiction of Committee C26, in which case this terminology standard may be referenced in those documents.  
1.2 While subcommittees within Committee C26 are free to only provide terms and definitions within individual standards, each subcommittee may request the addition of utilized terms and definitions to this terminology standard if it believes that such serves the broader interest of Committee C26 and the nuclear fuel cycle profession. Therefore, terms and definitions proposed for inclusion in Terminology C859 need not be used in more than one committee standard before being considered.  
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ASTM C1672-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of the Uranium, Plutonium or Americium Isotopic Composition or Concentration by the Total Evaporation Method Using a Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The total evaporation method is used to measure the isotopic composition of uranium, plutonium, and americium materials, and may be used to measure the elemental concentrations of these elements when employing the IDMS technique.  
5.2 Uranium and plutonium compounds are used as nuclear reactor fuels. In order to be suitable for use as a nuclear fuel the starting material must meet certain criteria, such as found in Specifications C757, C833, C753, C776, C787, C967, C996, or as specified by the purchaser. The uranium concentration, plutonium concentration, or both, and isotope abundances are measured by TIMS following this method.  
5.3 Americium-241 is the decay product of 241Pu isotope. The abundance of the 241Am isotope together with the abundance of the 241Pu parent isotope can be used to estimate radio-chronometric age of the Pu material for nuclear forensic applications Ref (6). The americium concentration and isotope abundances are measured by TIMS following this method.  
5.4 The total evaporation method allows for a wide range of sample loading with no significant change in precision or accuracy. The method is also suitable for trace-level loadings with some loss of precision and accuracy. The total evaporation method and modern instrumentation allow for the measurement of minor isotopes using ion counting detectors, while the major isotope(s) is(are) simultaneously measured using Faraday cup detectors.  
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1.1 This method describes the determination of the isotopic composition, or the concentration, or both, of uranium, plutonium, and americium as nitrate solutions by the total evaporation method using a thermal ionization mass spectrometer (TIMS) instrument. Purified uranium, plutonium, or americium nitrate solutions are deposited onto a metal filament and placed in the mass spectrometer. Under computer control, ion currents are generated by heating of the filament(s). The ion currents are continually measured until the whole deposited solution sample is exhausted. The measured ion currents are integrated over the course of the measurement and normalized to a reference isotope ion current to yield isotope ratios.  
1.2 In principle, the total evaporation method should yield isotope ratios that do not require mass bias correction. In practice, samples may require this bias correction. Compared to the conventional TIMS method described in Test Method C1625, the total evaporation method is approximately two times faster, improves precision of the isotope ratio measurements by a factor of two to four, and utilizes smaller sample sizes. Compared to the C1625 method, the total evaporation method provides “major” isotope ratios 235U/238U, 240Pu/239Pu, and 241Am/243Am with improved accuracy.  
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ASTM C1432-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Impurities in Plutonium: Acid Dissolution, Ion Exchange Matrix Separation, and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopic (ICP/AES) Analysis

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5.1 This test method can be used on plutonium matrices in nitrate solutions.  
5.2 This test method has been validated for all elements listed in Test Methods C757 except sulfur (S) and tantalum (Ta).  
5.3 This test method has been validated for all of the cation elements measured in Table 1. Phosphorus (P) requires a vacuum or an inert gas purged optical path instrument.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of 25 elements in plutonium (Pu) materials. The Pu is dissolved in acid, the Pu matrix is separated from the target impurities by an ion exchange separation, and the concentrations of the impurities are determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).  
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ASTM C1807-15(2023)(Guide)
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1.1 This guide describes passive neutron measurement methods used to nondestructively estimate the amount of neutron-emitting special nuclear material compounds remaining as holdup in nuclear facilities. Holdup occurs in all facilities in which nuclear material is processed. Material may exist, for example, in process equipment, in exhaust ventilation systems, and in building walls and floors.  
1.1.1 The most frequent uses of passive neutron holdup techniques are for the measurement of uranium or plutonium deposits in processing facilities.  
1.2 This guide includes information useful for management, planning, selection of equipment, consideration of interferences, measurement program definition, and the utilization of resources.  
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1.3.1 Neutron holdup measurements of uranium are typically performed on neutrons emitted during (α, n) reactions and spontaneous fission using singles (totals) or gross counting. While the method does not preclude measurement using coincidence or multiplicity counting for uranium, measurement efficiency is generally not sufficient to permit assays in reasonable counting times.  
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ASTM C1168-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Preparation and Dissolution of Plutonium Materials for Analysis

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Plutonium and uranium mixtures are used as nuclear reactor fuels. For use as a nuclear reactor fuel, the material must meet certain criteria for combined uranium and plutonium content, effective fissile content, and impurity content as described in Specifications C757 and C833. After dissolution using one of the procedures described in this practice, the material is assayed for plutonium and uranium to determine if the content is correct as specified by the purchaser.  
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1.1 This practice is a compilation of dissolution techniques for plutonium materials that are applicable to the test methods used for characterizing these materials. Dissolution treatments for the major plutonium materials assayed for plutonium or analyzed for other components are listed. Aliquots of the dissolved materials are dispensed on a mass basis when one of the analyses must be of high precision, such as plutonium assay; otherwise they are dispensed on a volume basis.  
1.2 Procedures in this practice are intended for the dissolution of plutonium metal, plutonium oxide, and uranium-plutonium mixed oxides. Aliquots of dissolved materials are analyzed using test methods, such as those developed by Subcommittee C26.05 on Methods of Test, to demonstrate compliance with applicable requirements. These may include product specifications such as Specifications C757 and C833.  
1.3 One or more of the procedures in this practice may be applicable to unique plutonium materials, such as alloys, compounds, and scrap materials. The user must determine the applicability of this practice to such materials.  
1.4 The treatments, in order of presentation, are as follows:    
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Section  
1  
Dissolution of Plutonium Metal with Hydrochloric Acid at Room Temperature  
9  
2  
Dissolution of Plutonium Metal with Hydrochloric Acid and Heating  
10  
3  
Dissolution of Plutonium Metal with Sulfuric Acid  
11  
4  
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Dissolution of Plutonium Oxide and Uranium-Plutonium Mixed Oxides by Sodium Bisulfate Fusion  
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Dissolution of Uranium-Plutonium Mixed Oxides and Low-Fired Plutonium Oxide in Beakers  
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Open-Vessel (with Reflux Condenser) Dissolution of Mixed Oxide Powder  
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Open-Vessel (with Reflux Condenser) Dissolution of Mixed Oxide Pellets  
18  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The non-SI unit of molarity (M) is also to be regarded as standard. Values in parentheses (non-SI units), where provided, are for information only and are not considered standard.  
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ASTM C1268-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Quantitative Determination of 241Am in Plutonium by Gamma-Ray Spectrometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method allows the determination of 241Am in a plutonium solution without separation of the americium from the plutonium. It is generally applicable to any solution containing 241Am.  
5.2 The 241Am in solid plutonium materials may be determined when these materials are dissolved (see Practice C1168).  
5.3 When the plutonium solution contains unacceptable levels of fission products or other materials, this method may be used following a tri-n-octylphosphine oxide (TOPO) extraction, ion exchange or other similar separation techniques (see Test Methods C758 and C759).  
5.4 This test method is less subject to interferences from plutonium than alpha counting since the energy of the gamma ray used for the analysis is better resolved from other gamma rays than the alpha particle energies used for alpha counting.  
5.5 The minimal sample preparation reduces the amount of sample handling and exposure to the analyst.  
5.6 This test method is applicable only to homogeneous solutions. This test method is not suitable for solutions containing solids.  
5.7 Solutions containing 241Am at concentrations as little as 1 × 10−5 g/L may be analyzed using this method. The lower limit depends on the detector used and the counting geometry. Solutions containing high concentrations may be analyzed following an appropriate dilution.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the quantitative determination of 241Am by gamma-ray spectrometry in plutonium nitrate solution samples that do not contain significant amounts of radioactive fission products or other high specific activity gamma-ray emitters.  
1.2 This test method can be used to determine the 241Am in samples of plutonium metal, oxide and other solid forms, when the solid is appropriately sampled and dissolved.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Additionally, the non-SI units of electron volts, kiloelectron volts, and liters are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM C833-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Sintered (Uranium-Plutonium) Dioxide Pellets for Light Water Reactors

ABSTRACT
This specification covers finished sintered and ground (uranium-plutonium) dioxide pellets for use in thermal reactors. It applies to uranium-plutonium dioxide pellets containing plutonium additions up to 15 % weight. The diversity of manufacturing methods shall be recognized by which uranium-plutonium dioxide pellets are produced and the many special requirements for chemical and physical characterization that may be imposed by the operating conditions to which the pellets will be subjected in specific reactor systems. The following are different chemical requirements that shall be determined: uranium content, plutonium content, impurity content, stoichiometry, moisture content, gas content, and americium-241 content. Nuclear requirements such as isotopic content, plutonium equivalent at a given date, equivalent boron content, and reactivity shall also be determined. Physical properties of the pellets like dimensions, density, grain size, pore morphology, plutonium-oxide homogeneity, plutonium-oxide particle size, plutonium-oxide particle distribution, integrity, and surface cracks shall be determined as well. The surfaces of finished pellets shall be visually free of loose chips, oil, macroscopic inclusions, and foreign materials. An estimate of the fuel pellet irradiation stability shall be obtained unless adequate allowance for such effects are factored into the fuel rod design. The estimate of the stability shall consist of either conformance to the thermal stability test as specified in the or by adequate correlation of manufacturing process or microstructure to in-reactor behavior, or both.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers finished sintered and ground (U, Pu)O2 pellets for use in light water reactors. It applies to (U, Pu)O2 pellets containing a plutonium mass fraction up to 15 % (that is, mass of Pu divided by the sum of masses U, Pu, and Am yielding 0.15 or less).  
1.2 Pellets produced under this specification are available in four grades.  
1.2.1 Grade R—240Pu / (Pu + Am) isotope mass fraction is at least 19 %.  
1.2.2 Grade F—240Pu / (Pu + Am) isotope mass fraction is at least 7 % and less than 19 %.  
1.2.3 Grade N1—240Pu / (Pu + Am) isotope mass fraction is less than 7 %.  
1.2.4 Grade N2—240Pu /239Pu isotope mass fraction does not exceed 0.10 (10 %).  
1.3 There is no discussion of or provision for preventing criticality incidents, nor are health and safety requirements, the avoidance of hazards, or shipping precautions and controls discussed. Observance of this specification does not relieve the user of the obligation to be aware of and conform to all applicable international, federal, state, and local regulations pertaining to possessing, processing, shipping, or using source or special nuclear material. Examples of U.S. government documents are Code of Federal Regulations Title 10, Part 50—Domestic Licensing of Production and Utilization Facilities; Code of Federal Regulations Title 10, Part 71—Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Material; and Code of Federal Regulations Title 49, Part 173—General Requirements for Shipments and Packaging.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the technical requirements portion, Section 4, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technic...

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ASTM
ASTM C1428-18(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Isotopic Analysis of Uranium Hexafluoride by Single–Standard Gas Source Multiple Collector Mass Spectrometer Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Uranium hexafluoride is a basic material used to produce nuclear reactor fuel. To be suitable for this purpose, the material must meet criteria for isotopic composition. This test method is designed to determine whether the material meets the requirements described in Specifications C787 and C996.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is applicable to the isotopic analysis of uranium hexafluoride (UF6) with  235U concentrations less than or equal to 5 % and 234U,  236U concentrations of 0.0002 to 0.1 %.  
1.2 This test method may be applicable to the analysis of the entire range of 235U isotopic compositions providing that adequate Certified Reference Materials (CRMs or traceable standards) are available.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C1062-23(Guide)
Standard Guide for Design, Fabrication, and Installation of Nuclear Fuel Dissolution Facilities

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The purpose of this guide is to provide information that will help to ensure that nuclear fuel dissolution facilities are conceived, designed, fabricated, constructed, and installed in an economic and efficient manner. This guide will help facilities meet the intended performance functions, eliminate or minimize the possibility of nuclear criticality and provide for the protection of both the operator personnel and the public at large under normal and abnormal (emergency) operating conditions as well as under credible failure or accident conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 It is the intent of this guide to set forth criteria and procedures for the design, fabrication and installation of nuclear fuel dissolution facilities. This guide applies to and encompasses all processing steps or operations beyond the fuel shearing operation (not covered), up to and including the dissolving accountability vessel.  
1.2 Applicability and Exclusions:  
1.2.1 Operations—This guide does not cover the operation of nuclear fuel dissolution facilities. Some operating considerations are noted to the extent that these impact upon or influence design.
1.2.1.1 Dissolution Procedures—Fuel compositions, fuel element geometry, and fuel manufacturing methods are subject to continuous change in response to the demands of new reactor designs and requirements. These changes preclude the inclusion of design considerations for dissolvers suitable for the processing of all possible fuel types. This guide will only address equipment associated with dissolution cycles for those fuels that have been used most extensively in reactors as of the time of issue (or revision) of this guide. (See Appendix X1.)  
1.2.2 Processes—This guide covers the design, fabrication and installation of nuclear fuel dissolution facilities for fuels of the type currently used in Pressurized Water Reactors (PWR). Boiling Water Reactors (BWR), Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (PHWR) and Heavy Water Reactors (HWR) and the fuel dissolution processing technologies discussed herein. However, much of the information and criteria presented may be applicable to the equipment for other dissolution processes such as for enriched uranium-aluminum fuels from typical research reactors, as well as for dissolution processes for some thorium and plutonium-containing fuels and others. The guide does not address equipment design for the dissolution of high burn-up or mixed oxide fuels.
1.2.2.1 This guide does not address special dissolution processes that may require substantially different equipment or pose different hazards than those associated with the fuel types noted above. Examples of precluded cases are electrolytic dissolution and sodium-bonded fuels processing. The guide does not address the design and fabrication of continuous dissolvers.  
1.2.3 Ancillary or auxiliary facilities (for example, steam, cooling water, electrical services) are not covered. Cold chemical feed considerations are addressed briefly.  
1.2.4 Dissolution Pretreatment—Fuel pretreatment steps incidental to the preparation of spent fuel assemblies for dissolution reprocessing are not covered by this guide. This exclusion applies to thermal treatment steps such as “Voloxidation” to drive off gases prior to dissolution, to mechanical decladding operations or process steps associated with fuel elements disassembly and removal of end fittings, to chopping and shearing operations, and to any other pretreatment operations judged essential to an efficient nuclear fuels dissolution step.  
1.2.5 Fundamentals—This guide does not address specific chemical, physical or mechanical technology, fluid mechanics, stress analysis or other engineering fundamentals that are also applied in the creation of a safe design for nuclear fuel dissolution facilities.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI unit...

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