ASTM E490-00a(2006)

Standard Solar Constant and Zero Air Mass Solar Spectral Irradiance Tables

SCOPE
1.1 These tables define the solar constant and zero air mass solar spectral irradiance for use in thermal analysis, thermal balance testing, and other tests of spacecraft and spacecraft components and materials. Typical applications include the calculation of solar absorptance from spectral reflectance data and the specification of solar UV exposure of materials during simulated space radiation testing.
1.2 These tables are based upon data from experimental measurements made from high-altitude aircraft, spacecraft, and the earth's surface and from solar spectral irradiance models.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Other units of measurement are included for information purposes only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-Mar-2006
• ICS: 27.160 - Solar energy engineering
• Technical Committee: E21 - Space Simulation and Applications of Space Technology
• Drafting Committee: E21.04 - Space Simulation Test Methods

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM E490-00a - Standard Solar Constant and Zero Air Mass Solar Spectral Irradiance Tables
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2006
• Referred By: ASTM E1125-16(2020) - Standard Test Method for Calibration of Primary Non-Concentrator Terrestrial Photovoltaic Reference Cells Using a Tabular Spectrum
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2006
• Referred By: ASTM E973-16(2020) - Standard Test Method for Determination of the Spectral Mismatch Parameter Between a Photovoltaic Device and a Photovoltaic Reference Cell
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2006
• Referred By: ASTM E772-15(2021) - Standard Terminology of Solar Energy Conversion
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2006
• Referred By: ASTM E948-16(2020) - Standard Test Method for Electrical Performance of Photovoltaic Cells Using Reference Cells Under Simulated Sunlight
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2006
• Referred By: ASTM E512-94(2020) - Standard Practice for Combined, Simulated Space Environment Testing of Thermal Control Materials with Electromagnetic and Particulate Radiation
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2006
• Referred By: ASTM E903-20 - Standard Test Method for Solar Absorptance, Reflectance, and Transmittance of Materials Using Integrating Spheres
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2006
• Referred By: ASTM E1362-15(2019) - Standard Test Methods for Calibration of Non-Concentrator Photovoltaic Non-Primary Reference Cells
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2006
• Referred By: ASTM E927-19 - Standard Classification for Solar Simulators for Electrical Performance Testing of Photovoltaic Devices
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2006
• Referred By: ASTM G214-23 - Standard Test Method for Integration of Digital Spectral Data for Weathering and Durability Applications
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2006

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E490 − 00a(Reapproved 2006)
Standard
Solar Constant and Zero Air Mass Solar Spectral Irradiance
Tables
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E490; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope AM 5 l /l>secZ , for Z#62° (1)
m z
1.1 These tables define the solar constant and zero air mass
Symbol: AM1 (air mass one), AM2 (air mass two)
solar spectral irradiance for use in thermal analysis, thermal
3.2 astronomical unit (AU),n—a unit of length defined as
balance testing, and other tests of spacecraft and spacecraft
the mean distance between the earth and the sun, that is,
components and materials. Typical applications include the
149597890 6 500 km.
calculation of solar absorptance from spectral reflectance data
3.3 integrated irradiance, n—spectral irradiance integrated
and the specification of solar UV exposure of materials during
over a specific wavelength interval from λ to λ , measured in
1 2
simulated space radiation testing.
−2
W·m , Symbol:
1.2 These tables are based upon data from experimental
λ2
E 5 E dλ (2)
*
measurementsmadefromhigh-altitudeaircraft,spacecraft,and
λ12λ2 λ
λ1
the earth’s surface and from solar spectral irradiance models.
3.4 irradiance at a point on a surface (E) , n—quotient of
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the radiant flux incident on an element of the surface contain-
−2
standard. Other units of measurement are included for infor- ing the point, by the area of that element, measured in W·m .
mation purposes only.
3.5 irradiance, spectral (E), n—the irradiance per unit
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the wavelength interval at a specific wavelength, or as a function
−2 −1
of wavelength measured in W·m ·µm .
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.6 solar constant, n—the total solar irradiance at normal
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
incidence on a surface in free space at the earth’s mean
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
distance from the sun (1 AU).
3.7 zero air mass (AMO),n—the absence of atmospheric
2. Referenced Documents
attenuation of the solar irradiance at one astronomical unit
2.1 ASTM Standards:
from the sun.
E349Terminology Relating to Space Simulation
3.8 Additional definitions will be found in Terminology
E349.
3. Terminology
3.1 air mass (optical air mass) (AM),n—the ratio of the 4. Solar Constant
−2
path length or radiation through the atmosphere (l )atany
m
4.1 The solar constant is 1366.1 W·m . This value is the
given angle, Z degrees, to the sea level path length toward the
mean of daily averages from six different satellites over the
zenith (l ).
z
1978 to 1998 time period, all measured with absolute cavity
radiometers, as reported by Fröhlich and Lean (1) . The
standard deviation of this mean value is 425 ppm, with a
−2
These tables are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E21 on Space 0.37% minimum-to-maximum range (1363 to 1368 W·m ).
Simulation and Applications of Space Technology and are the direct responsibility
4.2 Table 1 summarizes the results in different units, and
of Subcommittee E21.04 on Space Simulation Test Methods.
Table 2 presents the total solar irradiance at various planetary
Current edition approved April 1, 2006. Published April 2006. Originally
approved in 1973. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as E49–00a. DOI:
distances from the sun.
10.1520/E0490-00AR06.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Theboldfacenumbersinparenthesesrefertothelistofreferencesattheendof
the ASTM website. these tables.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E490 − 00a (2006)
TABLE 1 The Solar Constant in Alternative Units
−2
Solar constant = 1366.1 W·m [SI unit]
−2
= 0.136 61 W·cm
−2
= 136.61 m W·cm
6 −2 -1
=1.3661×10 erg·cm ·s
−2
= 126.9 W·ft
−2 −1
= 1.959 cal·cm ·min (±0.03
−2 −1
cal·cm ·min )
−2 −1
= 0.0326 cal·cm ·s
−2 −1
= 433.4 Btu·ft ·h
−2 −1
= 0.1202 Btu·ft ·s
−1
= 1.956 Langleys·min
The calorie is the thermochemical calorie-gram and is defined as 4.1840
absolute joules.
The Btu is the thermochemical British thermal unit and is defined by the
relationship: 1 Btu (thermochemical)/(°F·lb) = 1 cal·g (thermochemical)/(°C·g).
The Langley, however, is defined in terms of the older thermal unit the calorie·g
−2
(mean), that is, 1 Langley = 1 cal·g (mean)·cm ; 1 cal·g (mean) = 4.190 02 J.
TABLE 2 Solar Irradiance at the Planets
−2
Solar Irradiance, W·m
Planet
Mean Perihelion Aphelion
Mercury 9116.4 14447.5 6271.1
Venus 2611.0 2646.4 2575.7
Earth 1366.1 1412.5 1321.7
Mars 588.6 715.9 491.7
Jupiter 50.5 55.7 45.9
Saturn 15.04 16.76 13.53
Uranus 3.72 4.11 3.37
Neptune 1.510 1.515 1.507
Pluto 0.878 1.571 0.560
5. Solar Spectral Irradiance (Zero Air Mass) by a factor of 0.96843 to match the Neckel and Labs (3) data
over the 0.33- to 0.41-µm range.
5.1 The zero air mass solar spectral irradiance is based on
data from satellites, space shuttle missions, high-altitude 5.5 In the 0.41- to 0.825-µm range, the values are from the
aircraft, rocket soundings, ground-based solar telescopes, and McMath Solar Telescope at Kitt Peak,Arizona, as reported by
modeled spectral irradiance. Neckel and Labs (3).
5.2 Table 3 presents the solar spectral irradiance in tabular 5.6 In the 0.825- to 4.0-µm range, the values are from the
form for the range from 0.1195 to 1000 µm. The first column high-resolutionsolaratlascomputedbyKurucz (4).Thesedata
gives the wavelength (λ) in µm; the second gives the spectral were smoothed to the 2- and 20-nm wavelength resolution of
−2 −1
irradiance (E)at λ in W·m ·µm ; the third gives the total Table 3 and scaled by a factor of 1.00085 to match the Neckel
λ
−2
irradiance for the range from 0 to λ (E )inW·m ; and the and Labs (3) data at 0.825 µm.
0-λ
fourth gives the percentage of the solar constant associated
5.7 In the 4.0- to 1000-µm range, the values are from the
with wavelengths shorter than λ (D ).
0-λ
logarithmic irradiance versus wavelength fits reported by
5.3 Table 4 presents an abridged version of Table 3. Fig. 1 Smith and Gottlieb (5). These data were scaled by a factor of
plots the Standard Solar Spectral Irradiance. 0.99437 to match the Kurucz (4) data at 4.0 µm.
5.4 The Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS)/ 5.8 The composite spectral irradiance data were then scaled
ATLAS-2 spectrum is used between 0.1195 and 0.3795 µm. by a factor of 0.99745 to force the integrated total irradiance
The values are averages of two different instruments, the Solar to equal the solar constant.
UltravioletSpectralIrradianceMonitor(SUSIM)andtheSolar
6. Keywords
Stellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment (SOLSTICE), re-
ported by Woods et al (2). These data were obtained in April 6.1 extraterrestrial; solar constant; solar spectral irradiance;
1993duringaperiodofmoderatesolaractivityandwerescaled space; zero air mass
E490 − 00a (2006)
TABLE 3 Solar Spectral Irradiance—Standard Curve
NOTE 1—Double lines indicate change in wavelength interval of integration. Each column continues to next page.
NOTE 2—λ = wavelength, µm,
−2 −1
E = solar spectral irradiance averaged over small bandwidth centered at λ, W·m ·µm ,
λ
−2
E = integrated solar irradiance in the wavelength range from 0 to λ, W·m , and
0−λ
−2
D = percentage of solar constant (1366.1 W·m ) associated with wavelengths shorter than λ.
0−λ
λ E E D λ E E D
λ 0-λ 0-λ λ 0-λ 0-λ
−2
0.1195 6.185 × 10 0.0 0.0 1.306 413.6 1117.65 81.81
−4 −5
0.1205 0.5614 3.12 × 10 2.28 × 10 1.308 412.3 1118.47 81.87
−3 −4
0.1215 4.901 3.04 × 10 2.23 × 10 1.310 410.6 1119.30 81.93
–3 −4
0.1225 1.184 6.09 × 10 4.45 × 10 1.312 403.3 1120.11 81.99
−2 −3 −4
0.1235 4.770 × 10 6.70 × 10 4.91 × 10 1.314 402.2 1120.92 82.05
−2 −3 −4
0.1245 3.433 × 10 6.74 × 10 4.94 × 10 1.316 397.9 1121.72 82.11
−2 −3 −4
0.1255 2.882 × 10 6.77 × 10 4.96 × 10 1.318 401.7 1122.52 82.17
−2 −3 −4
0.1265 3.523 × 10 6.81 × 10 4.98 × 10 1.320 401.6 1123.32 82.23
−2 −3 −4
0.1275 2.127 × 10 6.83 × 10 5.00 × 10 1.322 398.6 1124.12 82.29
−2 −3 −4
0.1285 1.727 × 10 6.85 × 10 5.02 × 10 1.324 398.1 1124.92 82.35
−2 −3 −4
0.1295 3.994 × 10 6.88 × 10 5.04 × 10 1.326 394.9 1125.71 82.40
−3 −4
0.1305 0.1206 6.96 × 10 5.10 × 10 1.328 390.8 1126.49 82.46
−2 −3 −4
0.1315 3.983 × 10 7.04 × 10 5.16 × 10 1.330 387.8 1127.27 82.52
−2 −3 −4
0.1325 4.126 × 10 7.08 × 10 5.19 × 10 1.332 386.3 1128.05 82.57
−3 −4
0.1335 0.1680 7.19 × 10 5.26 × 10 1.334 389.2 1128.82 82.63
−2 −3 −4
0.1345 4.572 × 10 7.29 × 10 5.34 × 10 1.336 386.6 1129.60 82.69
−2 −3 −4
0.1355 3.802 × 10 7.34 × 10 5.37 × 10 1.338 383.2 1130.37 82.74
−2 −3 −4
0.1365 3.094 × 10 7.37 × 10 5.40 × 10 1.340 379.0 1131.13 82.80
−2 −3 −4
0.1375 2.920 × 10 7.40 × 10 5.42 × 10 1.342 380.5 1131.89 82.86
−2 −3 −4
0.1385 3.968 × 10 7.44 × 10 5.44 × 10 1.344 379.8 1132.65 82.91
−2 −3 −4
0.1395 7.562 × 10 7.49 × 10 5.49 × 10 1.346 377.2 1133.41 82.97
−2 −3 −4
0.1405 6.075 × 10 7.56 × 10 5.54 × 10 1.348 376.6 1134.16 83.02
−2 −3 −4
0.1415 4.207 × 10 7.61 × 10 5.57 × 10 1.350 372.4 1134.91 83.08
–2 −3 −4
0.1425 4.683 × 10 7.66 × 10 5.61 × 10 1.352 374.2 1135.66 83.13
−2 −3 −4
0.1435 5.110 × 10 7.71 × 10 5.64 × 10 1.354 372.2 1136.40 83.19
−2 −3 −4
0.1445 5.093 × 10 7.76 × 10 5.68 × 10 1.356 367.5 1137.14 83.24
−2 −3 −4
0.1455 5.535 × 10 7.81 × 10 5.72 × 10 1.358 368.8 1137.88 83.29
−2 −3 −4
0.1465 7.087 × 10 7.87 × 10 5.76 × 10 1.360 367.3 1138.62 83.35
−2 −3 −4
0.1475 8.485 × 10 7.95 × 10 5.82 × 10 1.362 367.7 1139.35 83.40
−2 −3 −4
0.1485 8.199 × 10 8.03 × 10 5.88 × 10 1.364 365.7 1140.08 83.46
−2 −3 −4
0.1495 7.956 × 10 8.12 × 10 5.94 × 10 1.366 365.7 1140.81 83.51
−2 −3 −4
0.1505 8.697 × 10 8.20 × 10 6.00 × 10 1.368 362.8 1141.54 83.56
−2 −3 −4
0.1515 9.266 × 10 8.29 × 10 6.07 × 10 1.370 359.9 1142.27 83.62
−3 −4
0.1525 0.1163 8.39 × 10 6.14 × 10 1.372 362.1 1142.99 83.67
−3 −4
0.1535 0.1299 8.52 × 10 6.23 × 10 1.374 361.1 1143.71 83.72
−3 −4
0.1545 0.2059 8.68 × 10 6.36 × 10 1.376 356.1 1144.43 83.77
−3 −4
0.1555 0.2144 8.89 × 10 6.51 × 10 1.378 358.0 1145.14 83.83
−3 −4
0.1565 0.1847 9.09 × 10 6.66 × 10 1.380 357.9 1145.86 83.88
−3 −4
0.1575 0.1717 9.27 × 10 6.79 × 10 1.382 354.5 1146.57 83.93
−3 −4
0.1585 0.1675 9.44 × 10 6.91 × 10 1.384 354.7 1147.28 83.98
−3 −4
0.1595 0.1754 9.61 × 10 7.04 × 10 1.386 353.2 1147.99 84.03
−3 −4
0.1605 0.1934 9.80 × 10 7.17 × 10 1.388 353.0 1148.69 84.09
−2 −4
0.1615 0.2228 1.00 × 10 7.32 × 10 1.390 350.6 1149.40 84.14
−2 −4
0.1625 0.2519 1.02 × 10 7.50 × 10 1.392 351.3 1150.10 84.19
−2 −4
0.1635 0.2841 1.05 × 10 7.69 × 10 1.394 348.8 1150.80 84.24
−2 −4
0.1645 0.2973 1.08 × 10 7.91 × 10 1.396 348.7 1151.50 84.29
−2 −4
0.1655 0.4302 1.12 × 10 8.17 × 10 1.398 349.2 1152.19 84.34
−2 −4
0.1665 0.3989 1.16 × 10 8.48 × 10 1.400 342.7 1152.89 84.39
−2 −4
0.1675 0.3875 1.20 × 10 8.76 × 10 1.402 343.9 1153.57 84.44
−2 −4
0.1685 0.4556 1.24 × 10 9.07 × 10 1.404 342.8 1154.26 84.49
−2 −4
0.1695 0.5877 1.29 × 10 9.46 × 10 1.406 343.1 1154.95 84.54
−2 −4
0.1705 0.6616 1.35 × 10 9.91 × 10 1.408 342.7 1155.63 84.59
−2 −3
0.1715 0.6880 1.42 × 10 1.04 × 10 1.410 341.8 1156.32 84.64
−2 −3
0.1725 0.7252 1.49 × 10 1.09 × 10 1.412 334.8 1156.99 84.69
−2 −3
0.1735 0.7645 1.57 × 10 1.15 × 10 1.414 337.7 1157.67 84.74
−2 −3
0.1745 0.9067 1.65 × 10 1.21 × 10 1.416 338.5 1158.34 84.79
−2 −3
0.1755 1.079 1.75 × 10 1.28 × 10 1.418 338.6 1159.02 84.84
−2 −3
0.1765 1.220 1.86 × 10 1.36 × 10 1.420 335.7 1159.69 84.89
−2 −3
0.1775 1.403 2.00 × 10 1.46 × 10 1.422 331.5 1160.36 84.94
−2 −3
0.1785 1.538 2.14 × 10 1.57 × 10 1.424 331.1 1161.02 84.99
−2 −3
0.1795 1.576 2.30 × 10 1.68 × 10 1.426 328.1 1161.68 85.04
−2 −3
0.1805 1.831 2.47 × 10 1.81 × 10 1.428 328.5 1162.34 85.08
−2 −3
0.1815 2.233 2.67 × 10 1.96 × 10 1.430 325.7 1162.99 85.13
−2 −3
0.1825 2.243 2.90 × 10 2.12 × 10 1.432 330.0 1163.65 85.18
−2 −3
0.1835 2.244 312 × 10 2.28 × 10 1.434 328.4 1164.31 85.23
−2 −3
0.1845 2.066 3.34 × 10 2.44 × 10 1.436 328.5 1164.96 85.28
−2 −3
0.1855 2.311 3.55 × 10 2.60 × 10 1.438 328.3 1165.62 85.32
−2 −3
0.1865 2.700 3.81 × 10 2.79 × 10 1.440 318.8 1166.27 85.37
E490 − 00a (2006)
TABLE 3 Continued
λ E E D λ E E D
λ 0-λ 0-λ λ 0-λ 0-λ
−2 −3
0.1875 3.009 4.09 × 10 2.99 × 10 1.442 318.6 1166.91 85.42
−2 −3
0.1885 3.291 4.41 × 10 3.22 × 10 1.444 319.7 1167.54 85.47
−2 −3
0.1895 3.569 4.75 × 10 3.48 × 10 1.446 321.6 1168.19 85.51
−2 −3
0.1905 3.764 5.12 × 10 3.74 × 10 1.448 321.6 1168.83 85.56
−2 −3
0.1915 4.165 5.51 × 10 4.03 × 10 1.450 318.7 1169.47 85.61
−2 −3
0.1925 4.113 5.93 × 10 4.34 × 10 1.452 315.4 1170.10 85.65
−2 −3
0.1935 3.808 6.32 × 10 4.63 × 10 1.454 314.3 1170.73 85.70
−2 −3
0.1945 5.210 6.77 × 10 4.96 × 10 1.456 313.1 1171.36 85.74
−2 −3
0.1955 5.427 7.30 × 10 5.35 × 10 1.458 316.7 1171.99 85.79
−2 −3
0.1965 6.008 7.88 × 10 5.77 × 10 1.460 315.6 1172.62 85.84
−2 −3
0.1975 6.191 8.49 × 10 6.21 × 10 1.462 312.1 1173.25 85.88
−2 −3
0.1985 6.187 9.10 × 10 6.66 × 10 1.464 310.5 1173.87 85.93
−2 −3
0.1995 6.664 9.75 × 10 7.14 × 10 1.466 310.8 1174.49 85.97
−3
0.2005 7.326 0.104 7.65 × 10 1.468 311.4 1175.12 86.02
−3
0.2015 8.023 0.112 8.21 × 10 1.470 310.2 1175.74 86.07
−3
0.2025 8.261 0.120 8.81 × 10 1.472 307.3 1176.35 86.11
−3
0.2035 9.217 0.129 9.44 × 10 1.474 303.4 1176.96 86.16
−2
0.2045 10.25 0.139 1.02 × 10 1.476 304.8 1177.57 86.20
−2
0.2055 10.54 0.149 1.09 × 10 1.478 304.4 1178.18 86.24
−2
0.2065 11.08 0.160 1.17 × 10 1.480 306.8 1178.79 86.29
−2
0.2075 12.65 0.172 1.26 × 10 1.482 304.4 1179.40 86.33
−2
0.2085 15.05 0.186 1.36 × 10 1.484 303.9 1180.01 86.38
−2
0.2095 21.38 0.204 1.49 × 10 1.486 303.3 1180.62 86.42
−2
0.2105 27.92 0.229 1.67 × 10 1.488 285.5 1181.21 86.47
−2
0.2115 33.54 0.259 1.90 × 10 1.490 301.5 1181.80 86.51
−2
0.2125 31.30 0.292 2.14 × 10 1.492 301.8 1182.40 86.55
−2
0.2135 33.15 0.324 2.37 × 10 1.494 303.3 1183.00 86.60
−2
0.2145 40.03 0.360 2.64 × 10 1.496 297.2 1183.60 86.64
−2
0.2155 36.15 0.399 2.92 × 10 1.498 299.4 1184.20 86.68
−2
0.2165 32.27 0.433 3.17 × 10 1.500 301.1 1184.80 86.73
−2
0.2175 35.29 0.467 3.42 × 10 1.502 292.4 1185.40 86.77
−2
0.2185 44.37
...