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ASTM C1292-00(2005)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Shear Strength of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperatures

Standard Test Method for Shear Strength of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperatures

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites are candidate materials for structural applications requiring high degrees of wear and corrosion resistance, and damage tolerance at high temperatures.  
Shear tests provide information on the strength and deformation of materials under shear stresses.  
This test method may be used for material development, material comparison, quality assurance, characterization, and design data generation.  
For quality control purposes, results derived from standardized shear test specimens may be considered indicative of the response of the material from which they were taken for given primary processing conditions and post-processing heat treatments.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of shear strength of continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites (CFCCs) at ambient temperature. The test methods addressed are (1) the compression of a double-notched specimen to determine interlaminar shear strength and (2) the Iosipescu test method to determine the shear strength in any one of the material planes of laminated composites. Specimen fabrication methods, testing modes (load or displacement control), testing rates (load rate or displacement rate), data collection, and reporting procedures are addressed.
1.2 This test method is used for testing advanced ceramic or glass matrix composites with continuous fiber reinforcement having uni-directional (1-D) or bi-directional (2-D) fiber architecture. This test method does not address composites with (3-D) fiber architecture or discontinuous fiber-reinforced, whisker-reinforced, or particulate-reinforced ceramics.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard and are in accordance with IEEE/ASTM SI 10.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Specific hazard statements are given in 8.1 and 8.2.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-May-2005
ICS
81.060.99 - Other standards related to ceramics
Technical Committee
C28 - Advanced Ceramics
Drafting Committee
C28.07 - Ceramic Matrix Composites
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM C1292-00 - Standard Test Method for Shear Strength of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperatures
Effective Date
01-Jun-2005
Replaced By
ASTM C1292-10 - Standard Test Method for Shear Strength of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperatures
Effective Date
01-Dec-2010
Referred By
ASTM C1425-19 - Standard Test Method for Interlaminar Shear Strength of 1D and 2D Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramics at Elevated Temperatures
Effective Date
01-Jun-2005
Referred By
ASTM C1341-13(2023) - Standard Test Method for Flexural Properties of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramic Composites
Effective Date
01-Jun-2005
Referred By
ASTM C1783-15 - Standard Guide for Development of Specifications for Fiber Reinforced Carbon-Carbon Composite Structures for Nuclear Applications
Effective Date
01-Jun-2005
Referred By
ASTM C1674-23 - Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics with Engineered Porosity (Honeycomb Cellular Channels) at Ambient Temperatures
Effective Date
01-Jun-2005
Referred By
ASTM C1793-15 - Standard Guide for Development of Specifications for Fiber Reinforced Silicon Carbide-Silicon Carbide Composite Structures for Nuclear Applications
Effective Date
01-Jun-2005

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ASTM C1292-00(2005) - Standard Test Method for Shear Strength of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramics at Ambient TemperaturesASTM C1292-00(2005) - Standard Test Method for Shear Strength of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperatures
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ASTM C1292-00(2005) - Standard Test Method for Shear Strength of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperatures
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:C1292–00(Reapproved 2005)
Standard Test Method for
Shear Strength of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced
1
Ceramics at Ambient Temperatures
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1292; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D3846 Test Method for In-Plane Shear Strength of Rein-
forced Plastics
1.1 This test method covers the determination of shear
D3878 Terminology for Composite Materials
strength of continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites
D5379/D5379M Test Method for Shear Properties of Com-
(CFCCs) at ambient temperature. The test methods addressed
posite Materials by the V-Notched Beam Method
are (1) the compression of a double-notched specimen to
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
determine interlaminar shear strength and (2) the Iosipescu test
E6 TerminologyRelatingtoMethodsofMechanicalTesting
method to determine the shear strength in any one of the
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,
material planes of laminated composites. Specimen fabrication
With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic
methods, testing modes (load or displacement control), testing
of a Lot or Process
rates (load rate or displacement rate), data collection, and
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
reporting procedures are addressed.
ASTM Test Methods
1.2 This test method is used for testing advanced ceramic or
E337 Test Method for Measuring Humidity with a Psy-
glass matrix composites with continuous fiber reinforcement
chrometer (the Measurement of Wet- and Dry-Bulb Tem-
having uni-directional (1-D) or bi-directional (2-D) fiber archi-
peratures)
tecture. This test method does not address composites with
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
(3-D) fiber architecture or discontinuous fiber-reinforced,
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
whisker-reinforced, or particulate-reinforced ceramics.
IEEE/ASTM SI 10 American National Standard for Use of
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric
standard and are in accordance with IEEE/ASTM SI 10.
System
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3. Terminology
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1 Definitions—The definitions of terms relating to shear
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
strength testing appearing in Terminology E6 apply to the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard
terms used in this test method.The definitions of terms relating
statements are given in 8.1 and 8.2.
to advanced ceramics appearing in Terminology C1145 apply
2. Referenced Documents to the terms used in this test method. The definitions of terms
2 relating to fiber-reinforced composites appearing in Terminol-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
ogy D3878 apply to the terms used in this test method.
C1145 Terminology of Advanced Ceramics
Additional terms used in conjunction with this test method are
D695 Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid
defined in the following.
Plastics
3.1.1 advanced ceramic—engineered high-performance
predominately nonmetallic, inorganic, ceramic material having
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C28 on
specific functional attributes.
Advanced Ceramics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C28.07 on
3.1.2 continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composite
Ceramic Matrix Composites.
(CFCC)—ceramic matrix composite in which the reinforcing
Current edition approved June 1, 2005. Published June 2005. Originally
approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as C1292 – 00. DOI:
phase consists of a continuous fiber, continuous yarn, or a
10.1520/C1292-00R05.
woven fabric.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
3.1.3 shear failure load—maximum load required to frac-
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on ture a shear loaded test specimen.
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C1292–00 (2005)
FIG. 1 Schematic of Test Fixture for the Double-Notched
Compression Specimen
3.1.4 shear strength—maximum shear stress that a material
is capable of sustaining. Shear strength is calculated from th
...

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4.1 This test method may be used for material development, quality control, characterization, and design data generation purposes. This test method is intended to be used with ceramics whose flexural strength is ∼50 MPa (∼7 ksi) or greater.  
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Standard Test Method for Shear Strength of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperatures

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5.1 Continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites can be candidate materials for structural applications requiring high degrees of wear and corrosion resistance, and damage tolerance at high temperatures.  
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5.4 For quality control purposes, results derived from standardized shear test specimens may be considered indicative of the response of the material from which they were taken for given primary processing conditions and post-processing heat treatments.
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FIG. 1 Block Diagram of Typical Test Apparatus  
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4.1 This test method may be used for material development, material comparison, quality assurance, characterization, and design data generation.  
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5.1 Advanced ceramics usually display a linear stress-strain behavior to failure. Lack of ductility combined with flaws that have various sizes and orientations leads to scatter in failure strength. Strength is not a deterministic property, but instead reflects an intrinsic fracture toughness and a distribution (size and orientation) of flaws present in the material. This practice is applicable to brittle monolithic ceramics that fail as a result of catastrophic propagation of flaws present in the material. This practice is also applicable to composite ceramics that do not exhibit any appreciable bilinear or nonlinear deformation behavior. In addition, the composite must contain a sufficient quantity of uniformly distributed reinforcements such that the material is effectively homogeneous. Whisker-toughened ceramic composites may be representative of this type of material.  
5.2 Two- and three-parameter formulations exist for the Weibull distribution. This practice is restricted to the two-parameter formulation. An objective of this practice is to obtain point estimates of the unknown parameters by using well-defined functions that incorporate the failure data. These functions are referred to as “estimators.” It is desirable that an estimator be consistent and efficient. In addition, the estimator should produce unique, unbiased estimates of the distribution parameters (6). Different types of estimators exist, including moment estimators, least-squares estimators, and maximum likelihood estimators. This practice details the use of maximum likelihood estimators due to the efficiency and the ease of application when censored failure populations are encountered.  
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1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard per IEEE/ASTM SI 10.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM C1291-18(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Elevated Temperature Tensile Creep Strain, Creep Strain Rate, and Creep Time to Failure for Monolithic Advanced Ceramics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Creep tests measure the time-dependent deformation under force at a given temperature, and, by implication, the force-carrying capability of the material for limited deformations. Creep rupture tests, properly interpreted, provide a measure of the force-carrying capability of the material as a function of time and temperature. The two tests complement each other in defining the force-carrying capability of a material for a given period of time. In selecting materials and designing parts for service at elevated temperatures, the type of test data used will depend on the criteria for force-carrying capability that best defines the service usefulness of the material.  
4.2 This test method may be used for material development, quality assurance, characterization, and design data generation.  
4.3 High-strength, monolithic ceramic materials, generally characterized by small grain sizes (  
4.4 Data obtained for design and predictive purposes shall be obtained using any appropriate combination of test methods that provide the most relevant information for the applications being considered. It is noted here that ceramic materials tend to creep more rapidly in tension than in compression (1-3).4 This difference results in time-dependent changes in the stress distribution and the position of the neutral axis when tests are conducted in flexure. As a consequence, deconvolution of flexural creep data to obtain the constitutive equations needed for design cannot be achieved without some degree of uncertainty concerning the form of the creep equations, and the magnitude of the creep rate in tension vis-a-vis the creep rate in compression. Therefore, creep data for design and life prediction shall be obtained in both tension and compression, as well as the expected service stress state.
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1.2 This test method is for use with advanced ceramics that behave as macroscopically isotropic, homogeneous, continuous materials. While this test method is intended for use on monolithic ceramics, whisker- or particle-reinforced composite ceramics as well as low-volume-fraction discontinuous fiber-reinforced composite ceramics may also meet these macroscopic behavior assumptions. Continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites (CFCCs) do not behave as macroscopically isotropic, homogeneous, continuous materials, and application of this test method to these materials is not recommended.  
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Standard Test Method for Monotonic Tensile Behavior of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramics with Solid Rectangular Cross-Section Test Specimens at Ambient Temperature

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method may be used for material development, material comparison, quality assurance, characterization, and design data generation.  
4.2 Continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites generally characterized by fine grain-sized (  
4.3 Unlike monolithic advanced ceramics which fracture catastrophically from a single dominant flaw, CFCCs generally experience “graceful” fracture from a cumulative damage process. Therefore, the volume of material subjected to a uniform tensile stress for a single uniaxially loaded tensile test may not be as significant a factor in determining the ultimate strengths of CFCCs. However, the need to test a statistically significant number of tensile test specimens is not obviated. Therefore, because of the probabilistic nature of the strength distributions of the brittle matrices of CFCCs, a sufficient number of test specimens at each testing condition is required for statistical analysis and design. Studies to determine the exact influence of test specimen volume on strength distributions for CFCCs have not been completed. It should be noted that tensile strengths obtained using different recommended tensile specimens with different volumes of material in the gage sections may be different due to these volume differences.  
4.4 Tensile tests provide information on the strength and deformation of materials under uniaxial tensile stresses. Uniform stress states are required to effectively evaluate any nonlinear stress-strain behavior which may develop as the result of cumulative damage processes (for example, matrix cracking, matrix/fiber debonding, fiber fracture, delamination, etc.) which may be influenced by testing mode, testing rate, processing or alloying effects, or environmental influences. Some of these effects may be consequences of stress corrosion or subcritical (slow) crack growth that can be minimized by testing at sufficiently rapid rates as outlined in this test method.  
4.5 The results of tensile t...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of tensile behavior including tensile strength and stress-strain response under monotonic uniaxial loading of continuous fiber-reinforced advanced ceramics at ambient temperature. This test method addresses, but is not restricted to, various suggested test specimen geometries as listed in the appendix. In addition, test specimen fabrication methods, testing modes (force, displacement, or strain control), testing rates (force rate, stress rate, displacement rate, or strain rate), allowable bending, and data collection and reporting procedures are addressed. Note that tensile strength as used in this test method refers to the tensile strength obtained under monotonic uniaxial loading where monotonic refers to a continuous nonstop test rate with no reversals from test initiation to final fracture.  
1.2 This test method applies primarily to all advanced ceramic matrix composites with continuous fiber reinforcement: unidirectional (1D), bidirectional (2D), and tridirectional (3D). In addition, this test method may also be used with glass (amorphous) matrix composites with 1D, 2D, and 3D continuous fiber reinforcement. This test method does not directly address discontinuous fiber-reinforced, whisker-reinforced, or particulate-reinforced ceramics, although the test methods detailed here may be equally applicable to these composites.  
1.3 Values expressed in this test method are in accordance with the International System of Units (SI) and IEEE/ASTM SI 10.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 7 and 8.2.5.2.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance...

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ASTM
ASTM C1337-17(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Creep and Creep Rupture of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramics Under Tensile Loading at Elevated Temperatures

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method may be used for material development, material comparison, quality assurance, characterization, and design data generation.  
4.2 Continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites are candidate materials for structural applications requiring high degrees of wear and corrosion resistance and toughness at high temperatures.  
4.3 Creep tests measure the time-dependent deformation of a material under constant load at a given temperature. Creep rupture tests provide a measure of the life of the material when subjected to constant mechanical loading at elevated temperatures. In selecting materials and designing parts for service at elevated temperatures, the type of test data used will depend on the criteria for load-carrying capability which best defines the service usefulness of the material.  
4.4 Creep and creep rupture tests provide information on the time-dependent deformation and on the time-of-failure of materials subjected to uniaxial tensile stresses at elevated temperatures. Uniform stress states are required to effectively evaluate any nonlinear stress-strain behavior which may develop as the result of cumulative damage processes (for example, matrix cracking, matrix/fiber debonding, fiber fracture, delamination, etc.) which may be influenced by test mode, test rate, processing or alloying effects, environmental influences, or elevated temperatures. Some of these effects may be consequences of stress corrosion or subcritical (slow) crack growth. It is noted that ceramic materials typically creep more rapidly in tension than in compression. Therefore, creep data for design and life prediction should be obtained in both tension and compression.  
4.5 The results of tensile creep and tensile creep rupture tests of specimens fabricated to standardized dimensions from a particular material or selected portions of a part, or both, may not totally represent the creep deformation and creep rupture properties of the entire, full-size end p...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the time-dependent deformation and time-to-rupture of continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites under constant tensile loading at elevated temperatures. This test method addresses, but is not restricted to, various suggested test specimen geometries. In addition, test specimen fabrication methods, allowable bending, temperature measurements, temperature control, data collection, and reporting procedures are addressed.  
1.2 This test method is intended primarily for use with all advanced ceramic matrix composites with continuous fiber reinforcement: unidirectional (1-D), bidirectional (2-D), and tridirectional (3-D). In addition, this test method may also be used with glass matrix composites with 1-D, 2-D, and 3-D continuous fiber reinforcement. This test method does not address directly discontinuous fiber-reinforced, whisker-reinforced, or particulate-reinforced ceramics, although the test methods detailed here may be equally applicable to these composites.  
1.3 Values expressed in this test method are in accordance with the International System of Units (SI) and IEEE/ASTM SI 10.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Hazard statements are noted in 7.1 and 7.2.

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ASTM
ASTM C1211-18(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Elevated Temperatures

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method may be used for material development, quality control, characterization, and design data generation purposes. This test method is intended to be used with ceramics whose flexural strength is ∼50 MPa (∼7 ksi) or greater.  
4.2 The flexure stress is computed based on simple beam theory, with assumptions that the material is isotropic and homogeneous, the moduli of elasticity in tension and compression are identical, and the material is linearly elastic. The average grain size should be no greater than 1/50 of the beam thickness. The homogeneity and isotropy assumptions in the test method rule out the use of it for continuous fiber-reinforced composites for which Test Method C1341 is more appropriate.  
4.3 The flexural strength of a group of test specimens is influenced by several parameters associated with the test procedure. Such factors include the testing rate, test environment, specimen size, specimen preparation, and test fixtures. Specimen and fixture sizes were chosen to provide a balance between the practical configurations and resulting errors as discussed in Test Method C1161, and Refs (1-3).4 Specific fixture and specimen configurations were designated in order to permit the ready comparison of data without the need for Weibull size scaling.  
4.4 The flexural strength of a ceramic material is dependent on both its inherent resistance to fracture and the size and severity of flaws. Variations in these cause a natural scatter in test results for a sample of test specimens. Fractographic analysis of fracture surfaces, although beyond the scope of this test method, is highly recommended for all purposes, especially if the data will be used for design as discussed in Ref (4) and Practices C1322 and C1239.  
4.5 This method determines the flexural strength at elevated temperature and ambient environmental conditions at a nominal, moderately fast testing rate. The flexural strength under these conditions may or may not necessarily be the...
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1.1 This test method covers determination of the flexural strength of advanced ceramics at elevated temperatures.2 Four-point-1/4-point and three-point loadings with prescribed spans are the standard as shown in Fig. 1. Rectangular specimens of prescribed cross-section are used with specified features in prescribed specimen-fixture combinations. Test specimens may be 3 by 4 by 45 to 50 mm in size that are tested on 40-mm outer span four-point or three-point fixtures. Alternatively, test specimens and fixture spans half or twice these sizes may be used. The test method permits testing of machined or as-fired test specimens. Several options for machining preparation are included: application matched machining, customary procedures, or a specified standard procedure. This test method describes the apparatus, specimen requirements, test procedure, calculations, and reporting requirements. The test method is applicable to monolithic or particulate- or whisker-reinforced ceramics. It may also be used for glasses. It is not applicable to continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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