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ASTM E544-18

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Referencing Suprathreshold Odor Intensity

Standard Practice for Referencing Suprathreshold Odor Intensity

ABSTRACT
These practices are designed to outline two preferred procedures for referencing the odor intensities of any odorous material in the suprathreshold region on the ASTM Odor Intensity Referencing Scale. The method by which the reference odorant vapors are to be presented for evaluation by a panel of at least eight independent judgments is specified, but the manner by which the test sample is presented will depend on the nature of the sample, and is not defined herein. The methods, where a geometric progression scale with a ratio of 2 is recommended, are generally done by comparing the odor intensity of the sample to the odor intensities of a series of concentrations of the reference odorant 1-butanol (n-butanol). The two procedures differ in the method by which the diluted 1-butanol vapors are prepared. In Procedure A (dynamic scale method), a dynamic-dilution apparatus is used. This is equipped with a series of sniffing ports from which constant concentrations of 1-butanol emerge at constant volumetric flow rates in air. In Procedure B (static-scale method), a series of Erlenmeyer flasks containing known concentrations of 1-butanol in water is used.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is designed to outline a means for referencing the odor intensities of a material in the suprathreshold region.  
1.2 The general objective is to reference the odor intensity rather than other odor properties of a sample.  
1.3 This practice is designed to reference the odor intensity on the ASTM Odor Intensity Referencing Scale of any odorous material. This is done by a comparison of the odor intensity of the sample to the odor intensities of a series of concentrations of a reference odorant, for example, 1-butanol (n-butanol).  
1.4 The method by which the reference odorant vapors are to be presented for evaluation by the assessors is specified. The manner by which the test sample is presented will depend on the nature of the sample, and is not defined herein.  
1.5 Test sample presentation should be consistent with good standard practice (1, 2)2 and should be explicitly documented in the test report.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Annex A1 for specific safety data.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Sep-2018
ICS
13.040.20 - Ambient atmospheres
Technical Committee
E18 - Sensory Evaluation
Drafting Committee
E18.04 - Fundamentals of Sensory
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Referred By
ASTM E2892-21 - Standard Test Method for Odor and Flavor Transfer From Materials in Contact With Municipal Drinking Water
Effective Date
01-Oct-2018
Referred By
ASTM E3261-21 - Standard Guide for Odor Evaluation of Products and Materials Under Controlled Conditions With Trained Panel
Effective Date
01-Oct-2018
Referred By
ASTM E1593-21 - Standard Guide for Assessing the Efficacy of Consumer Products in Reducing the Perception of Malodor
Effective Date
01-Oct-2018

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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E544 − 18
Standard Practice for
1
Referencing Suprathreshold Odor Intensity
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E544; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
3
1.1 This practice is designed to outline a means for refer- 2.1 ASTM Standards:
encing the odor intensities of a material in the suprathreshold D1292Test Method for Odor in Water
region.
3. Terminology
1.2 The general objective is to reference the odor intensity
3.1 ASTM odor intensity referencing scale—series of
rather than other odor properties of a sample.
1-butanol dilutions used to establish which concentration
1.3 This practice is designed to reference the odor intensity
exhibits an odor intensity matching that of the sample.
ontheASTMOdorIntensityReferencingScaleofanyodorous
material.This is done by a comparison of the odor intensity of 3.2 dynamic scale—referencescaleinwhichvapordilutions
arepreparedbycontinuousmixingofvaporsof1-butanolwith
the sample to the odor intensities of a series of concentrations
of a reference odorant, for example, 1-butanol (n-butanol). anodorlessgas,suchasair,toyieldconstantdilutionsofvapor
inthegas.Anexampleispresentationthroughanolfactometer.
1.4 The method by which the reference odorant vapors are
3.3 static scale—reference scale in which dilutions of
tobepresentedforevaluationbytheassessorsisspecified.The
1-butanol in water are prepared in flasks or other suitable
manner by which the test sample is presented will depend on
containers and presented for odor intensity comparison.
the nature of the sample, and is not defined herein.
1.5 Testsamplepresentationshouldbeconsistentwithgood
4. Summary of Practice
2
standard practice (1, 2) and should be explicitly documented
4.1 Thereferenceodorantusedtogenerateanodorintensity
in the test report.
scale is 1-butanol (n-butanol). The reasons for its selection are
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
summarized in Appendix X1. A geometric progression scale
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
witharatioof2isrecommended,thatis,ascaleinwhicheach
standard.
reference dilution differs in its 1-butanol concentration from
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
the preceding dilution by a factor of 2.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4.2 In this method, a series of known concentrations of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1-butanol is used.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
4.3 The odor of the sample is matched, ignoring differences
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
See Annex A1 for specific safety data. in odor quality, against the odor intensity reference scale of
1-butanol by a panel. Assessors report that point in the
1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-
reference scale which, in their opinion, matches the odor
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
intensity of the unknown.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
4.4 The independent judgments of the assessors are aver-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
aged geometrically (see 6.3) with respect to the 1-butanol
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
concentrations of the indicated matching points. Results are
reported as an odor intensity, in parts per million, of 1-butanol
inair(dynamicmethod)orwater(staticmethod)ontheASTM
1
Odor Intensity Referencing Scale. When water is used as a
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E18 on Sensory
Evaluation and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E18.04 on Fundamen-
tals of Sensory.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2018. Published October 2018. Originally
3
approved in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as E544–10. DOI: For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
10.1520/E0544-18. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
2
Theboldfacenumbersinparenthesesrefertothelistofreferencesattheendof Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
these recommended practices. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

----------------------
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E544 − 10 E544 − 18
Standard PracticesPractice for
1
Referencing Suprathreshold Odor Intensity
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E544; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 These practices areThis practice is designed to outline a preferred means for referencing the odor intensities of a material
in the suprathreshold region.
1.2 The general objective is to reference the odor intensity rather than other odor properties of a sample.
1.3 These practices areThis practice is designed to reference the odor intensity on the ASTM Odor Intensity Referencing Scale
of any odorous material. This is done by a comparison of the odor intensity of the sample to the odor intensities of a series of
concentrations of thea reference odorant, which isfor example, 1-butanol (n-butanol).
1.4 The method by which the reference odorant vapors are to be presented for evaluation by the panelistsassessors is specified.
The manner by which the test sample is presented will depend on the nature of the sample, and is not defined herein.
2
1.5 Test sample presentation should be consistent with good standard practice (1, 2) and should be explicitly documented in
the test report.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Annex A1 for specific safety data.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1292 Test Method for Odor in Water
3. Terminology
3.1 ASTM odor intensity referencing scale—series of 1-butanol dilutions used to establish which concentration exhibits an odor
intensity matching that of the sample.
3.2 concentration—series of concentrations of 1-butanol in odorless air, nitrogen, or the water diluent, made to specific
reference dilutions which serve as the reference scale, volume basis, of 1-butanol diluted air or in water. In the latter case, the
temperature of the solution during the test should be reported.
3.2 dynamic scale—reference scale in which vapor dilutions are prepared by continuous mixing of vapors of 1-butanol with an
odorless gas, such as air, to yield constant dilutions of vapor in the gas. An example is presentation through an olfactometer.
3.4 panelists—individuals who compare the odor intensity of the sample to the reference scale. These individuals should be able
to do this with a consistency described in 5.5.
1
These practices areThis practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E18 on Sensory Evaluation and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E18.04 on
Fundamentals of Sensory.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2010Oct. 1, 2018. Published December 2010October 2018. Originally approved in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 20042010
as E544 – 99 (2004).E544 – 10. DOI: 10.1520/E0544-10.10.1520/E0544-18.
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of these recommended practices.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E544 − 18
3.5 perceived (sensory) odor intensity—intensity of an odor sensation which is independent of the knowledge of the odorant
concentration.
3.6 sample—material in any form exhibiting an odor that needs to be measured.
3.3 static scale—reference scale in which dilutions of 1-butanol in water are prepared in flask
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice establishes standardized tests for the performance evaluation of sensor-based continuous instruments for ambient air quality measurements. Public and private air monitoring interests have manifested themselves as a driving force for the deployment of air quality sensors and instruments to quantify air pollutant concentrations in communities, around schools, around industrial facilities, and elsewhere. Users of air quality sensors require information on the performance and limitations of these devices so that informed decisions regarding their suitability for various purposes can be determined. This practice describes both laboratory and field tests that provide information on candidate instrument repeatability, sensitivity, linearity, cross-interferences, drift and comparability with more costly instruments typically used by entities such as government agencies. The air quality sensors are first evaluated in a laboratory chamber by comparing their response to a reference instrument and challenging the gas sensors with interferents. The sensors are then deployed outdoors for field testing at two sites with different climates against reference air quality instruments. This practice is intended to be referenced in standards and codes that establish minimum performance quality for sensor-based ambient outdoor air monitoring.  
5.2 This practice is intended for air quality sensors that measure one or more of the criteria pollutants in ambient air (ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, PM10 and PM2.5) that can be operated in outdoor environments and can log a concentration reading. It is not intended for devices or transducers that require additional enclosures for deployment outdoors or post-processing to convert their output signal into a pollutant concentration reading.  
5.3 It is anticipated that the main users of this practice will be manufacturers, developers, and distributors of outdoor air quality sensors, air quality agenc...
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1.1 This practice establishes standardized tests for the performance evaluation of sensor-based continuous instruments for ambient outdoor air quality measurements. It describes both laboratory and field tests that provide information on candidate sensor repeatability, sensitivity, linearity, cross-interferences, drift, and comparability against reference instruments.  
1.2 This practice does not apply to sensors or instruments that remotely measure atmospheric pollutants using open path, lidar, or imaging technology.  
1.3 The evaluation procedures contained in this practice are for sensors that alone or in combination measure outdoor criteria pollutants in ambient air: particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), or nitrogen dioxide (NO2) at concentrations that are relevant to public health.  
1.4 Testing is to be performed by a competent entity able to demonstrate that it operates in conformity with internationally accepted test laboratory quality standards such as ISO/IEC 17025.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D6007-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining Formaldehyde Concentrations in Air from Wood Products Using a Small-Scale Chamber

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Upper limits for the formaldehyde emission rates have been established for wood panel building products made with urea-formaldehyde adhesives and permanently installed in homes or used as components in kitchen cabinets and similar industrial products. This test method is intended for use in conjunction with the test method referenced by HUD 24 for manufactured housing and by Minnesota Statutes for housing units and building materials. This method may also be used for monitoring products for compliance to the California Air Resources Board (CARB) regulation for composite wood products and the Environmental Protection Agency Formaldehyde Emission Standards for Composite Wood Products, EPA TSCA Title VI 40 CFR Section 770. This test method provides a means of testing smaller samples and reduces the time required for testing.  
4.2 Formaldehyde concentration levels obtained by this small-scale method may differ from expected in full-scale indoor environments. Variations in product loading, temperature, relative humidity, and air exchange will affect formaldehyde emission rates and thus likely indoor air formaldehyde concentrations.  
4.3 This test method requires the use of a chamber of 0.02 to 1 m3  in volume to evaluate the formaldehyde concentration in air using the following controlled conditions:  
4.3.1 Conditioning of specimens prior to testing,  
4.3.2 Exposed surface area of the specimens in the test chamber,  
4.3.3 Test chamber temperature and relative humidity,  
4.3.4 The Q/A ratio, and  
4.3.5 Air circulation within the chamber.
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1.1 This test method measures the formaldehyde concentrations in air emitted by wood product test specimens under defined test conditions of temperature and relative humidity. Results obtained from this small-scale chamber test method are intended to be comparable to results obtained from testing larger product samples by the large chamber test method for wood products, Test Method E1333. The results may be correlated to values obtained from Test Method E1333. The quantity of formaldehyde in an air sample from the small chamber is determined by a modification of NIOSH 3500 chromotropic acid test procedure. As with Test Method E1333, other analytical procedures may be used to determine the quantity of formaldehyde in the air sample provided that such methods give results comparable to those obtained by using the chromotropic acid procedure. However, the test results and test report must be properly qualified and the analytical procedure employed must be accurately described.  
1.2 The wood-based panel products to be tested by this test method are characteristically used for different applications and are tested at different relative amounts or loading ratios to reflect different applications. This is a test method that specifies testing at various loading ratios for different product types. However, the test results and test report must be properly qualified and must specify the make-up air flow, sample surface area, and chamber volume.  
1.3 Ideal candidates for small-scale chamber testing are products relatively homogeneous in their formaldehyde release characteristics. Still, product inhomogeneities must be considered when selecting and preparing samples for small-scale chamber testing.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the...

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ASTM
ASTM D8460-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Quantification of Volatile Organic Compounds Using Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Vapor intrusion testing has been performed traditionally using multiple canister samples or thermal desorption tube samples. These discontinuous measurements have been shown to be snapshots and provide averages of exposure. In many cases a higher temporal resolution is desirable to identify peaks of emissions due to specific occupancy or environmental changes. For these cases, a continuous real-time monitoring solution is desirable. These continuous monitoring setups can be either short-term or be part of a long-term monitoring plan as described in ASTM guide “Standard Guide for the development of LongTerm Monitoring Plans for Vapor Mitigation Systems” (E2600).  
5.2 The PTR-MS provides real-time measurement of multiple VOCs at ultra-trace levels, that is, in the µL/L (ppm) to less than pL/L (ppt) range. Its strengths lie with the ability to measure VOCs in real-time and continuously (that is, ~1 Hz or faster, using time-of-flight analyzers), and with limited sample pre-treatment, compared to a gas chromatograph (GC) system, which is commonly the method of choice to measure VOCs using a variety of detectors. In case of PTR-MS with quadrupole analyzers, the terms would be nearreal-time and semi-continuous. The high temporal resolution of the PTR-MS measurement in the range of second(s) is often desired when studying the atmospheric chemistry or source emissions that result in unpredictable, sudden, and short-term fluctuations. For a detailed description on the design and theory and practical aspects of operation for the different types of PTR-MS, please refer to Yuan et al. (2017)(1).  
5.3 For ambient air measurements, such as vapor intrusion (VI) related emission testing, the PTR-MS can be used in three different modes of operation: (1) in scanning mode to identify sources and VI entry points within buildings; (2) in variation identification mode, as a continuous monitoring instrument with seconds to minutes of temporal resolution covering a large number of V...
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1.1 This test method describes a technique of quantifying the results from measuring various volatile organic compound contents using a chemical ionization mass spectrometer resulting in the production of positively charged target compound ions. Depending on the nature of production of so-called primary ions, the associated instruments having the capability to perform such analyses are either named Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometers (PTR-MS), Selected Ion Flow Tube Mass Spectrometers (SIFT-MS) or, in the most generic term, Mid-pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometers (MPCI-MS). Within this standard, the term PTR-MS is used to represent any of these instrumentations.  
1.2 Either of the instrument types can be used with the two main mass analyzers on the market, that is, with either quadrupole (QMS) or time-of-flight (TOFMS) mass analyzer. This method relates only to the quantification portion of the analysis. Due to large differences in user interfaces and operating procedures for the instruments of the main instrument providers, the specifics on instrument operation are not described in this method.  
1.3 Details on the theoretical aspects concerning ion production and chemical reactions are included in this standard as far as required to understand the quantification aspects and practical operation of the instrument in the field of vapor intrusion analyses. Specifics on the operation and/or calibration of the instrument need to be identified by using the user’s manual of the individual instrument vendor. A comprehensive discussion on the technique including individual mass-line interferences and in-depth comparison with alternate methods are given in multiple publications, such as Yuan et al. (2017) (1) and Dunne et al. (2018) (2)2.  
1.4 Units—Values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. Reporting of test results in units othe...

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ASTM D2914-15(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Sulfur Dioxide Content of the Atmosphere (West-Gaeke Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Sulfur dioxide is a major air pollutant, commonly formed by the combustion of sulfur-bearing fuels. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set primary and secondary air quality standards (7) that are designed to protect the public health and welfare.  
5.2 The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has promulgated exposure limits for sulfur dioxide in workplace atmospheres (8).  
5.3 These methods have been found satisfactory for measuring sulfur dioxide in ambient and workplace atmospheres over the ranges pertinent in 5.1 and 5.2.  
5.4 Method A has been designed to correspond to the EPA-Designated Reference Method (7) for the determination of sulfur dioxide.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the bubbler collection and colorimetric determination of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the ambient or workplace atmosphere.  
1.2 These test methods are applicable for determining SO2 over the range from approximately 25 μg/m3 (0.01 ppm(v)) to 1000 μg/m3 (0.4 ppm(v)), corresponding to a solution concentration of 0.03 μg SO2/mL to 1.3 μg SO2/mL. Beer's law is followed through the working analytical range from 0.02 μg SO2/mL to 1.4 μg SO2/mL.  
1.3 The lower limit of detection is 0.075 μg SO2/mL (1),2 representing an air concentration of 25 μg SO2/m3 (0.01 ppm(v)) in a 30-min sample, or 13 μg SO2/m3 (0.005 ppm(v)) in a 24-h sample.  
1.4 These test methods incorporate sampling for periods between 30 min and 24 h.  
1.5 These test methods describe the determination of the collected (impinged) samples. A Method A and a Method B are described.  
1.6 Method A is preferred over Method B, as it gives the higher sensitivity, but it has a higher blank. Manual Method B is pH-dependent, but is more suitable with spectrometers having a spectral band width greater than 20 nm.
Note 1: These test methods are applicable at concentrations below 25 μg/m3 by sampling larger volumes of air if the absorption efficiency of the particular system is first determined, as described in Annex A4.
Note 2: Concentrations higher than 1000 μg/m3 can be determined by using smaller gas volumes, larger collection volumes, or by suitable dilution of the collected sample with absorbing solution prior to analysis.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 Warning—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see 8.3.1, Section 9, and A3.1.3.  
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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