ASTM C866-11
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Filtration Rate of Ceramic Whiteware Clays
Standard Test Method for Filtration Rate of Ceramic Whiteware Clays
ABSTRACT
This standard test method covers the rate determination of clay-water paste layer formation from a clay-water slip under pressure filtration. Filter pressing of clay shall be in accordance to the procedure indicated in this specification. Calculation of filtration rate and void fraction shall depend on thickness of wet filter cake and filtration time. Void fraction in the filter cake shall depend on filter cake weight, filter press cross-sectional area, and wet filter cake thickness.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the rate at which a layer of clay-water paste is formed from a clay-water slip under pressure filtration. The filtration rate is directly related to such whiteware operations as filter pressing, slip casting, and drying of ware in which water permeability through a clay-water paste is the controlling mechanism.
1.2 A straight-line relationship exists between the time of filter pressing and the square of the thickness of the paste layer. The filtration rate is directly related to the filter press pressure and the void fraction of the paste layer, and is inversely related to the square of the clay surface area, the ratio of solids to liquid in the slip, and the viscosity of water at the testing temperature.
1.3 The values stated in acceptable metric units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: C866 − 11
StandardTest Method for
1
Filtration Rate of Ceramic Whiteware Clays
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C866; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 3.4 Stop Watch.
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the rate at 3.5 Vernier Calipers, capable of measuring thickness to the
which a layer of clay-water paste is formed from a clay-water nearest 0.1 mm.
slip under pressure filtration. The filtration rate is directly
related to such whiteware operations as filter pressing, slip
4. Procedure
casting, and drying of ware in which water permeability
4.1 Weigh 100 g of clay, dried in accordance with Test
through a clay-water paste is the controlling mechanism.
Method C324, to the nearest 0.1 g and mix with 300 mL of
1.2 A straight-line relationship exists between the time of
water measured to the nearest 1.0 mL for 10 min in a blender.
filter pressing and the square of the thickness of the paste layer.
4.2 Store the slip in a closed container for at least 24 h to
The filtration rate is directly related to the filter press pressure
allow the clay and water to reach equilibrium conditions.
and the void fraction of the paste layer, and is inversely related
4.3 Remix the clay-water slurry for 5 min in the blender.
to the square of the clay surface area, the ratio of solids to
liquid in the slip, and the viscosity of water at the testing
4.4 Pour the clay-water slurry into the filter press and apply
temperature.
345 kPa (50 psi) air pressure for 30 min.
1.3 The values stated in acceptable metric units are to be
4.5 Relieve the pressure from the filter press and then pour
regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are
the clay-water slurry from the top of the filter cake that has
for information only.
formed. A sharp movement of the wrist is required to remove
all of the remaining slip from the filter press.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4.6 Record the temperature of the filtrate.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4.7 Reapply air pressure to the filter press for 10 min to
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
force some of the water from the cake that has formed.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
NOTE 1—Some clays have a fast filtration rate and the air may pass
2. Referenced Documents through the cake in less than 10 min. In this case, the air pressure should
be relieved as soon as the sound of air emitting from the press is detected.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.8 Remove the filter cake from the press and measure the
C324 Test Method for Free Moisture in Ceramic Whiteware
thickness to the nearest 0.1 mm with the vernier calipers.
Clays
4.9 Place the cake in a drying oven at 100 to 110°C for a
3. Apparatus
period of 24 h. Weigh the dried filter cake to the nearest 0.01
g.
3.1 Balance, 0.001-g sensitivity.
3.2 Blender.
5. Calculations
3.3 Filter Press, capable of operation at 345 kPa (50 psi).
5.1 Calculate the filtration rate as follows:
2
FR 5 L /T (1)
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C21 on Ceramic
where:
Whitewares and Related Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
2
C21.
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:C866–77 (Reapproved 2006) Designation:C866–11
Standard Test Method for
1
Filtration Rate of Ceramic Whiteware Clays
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C866; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the rate at which a layer of clay-water paste is formed from a clay-water slip
under pressure filtration. The filtration rate is directly related to such whiteware operations as filter pressing, slip casting, and
drying of ware in which water permeability through a clay-water paste is the controlling mechanism.
1.2 Astraight-line relationship exists between the time of filter pressing and the square of the thickness of the paste layer. The
filtration rate is directly related to the filter press pressure and the void fraction of the paste layer, and is inversely related to the
square of the clay surface area, the ratio of solids to liquid in the slip, and the viscosity of water at the testing temperature.
1.3
1.3 The values stated in acceptable metric units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for
information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C324 Test Method for Free Moisture in Ceramic Whiteware Clays
3. Apparatus
3.1 Balance, 0.001-g sensitivity.
3.2 Blender.
3.3 Filter Press, capable of operation at 345 kPa (50 psi).
3.4 Stop Watch.
3.5 Vernier Calipers, capable of measuring thickness to the nearest 0.1 mm.
4. Procedure
4.1 Weigh 100 g of clay, dried in accordance with Test Method C324, to the nearest 0.1 g and mix with 300 mL of water
measured to the nearest 1.0 mL for 10 min in a blender.
4.2 Store the slip in a closed container for at least 24 h to allow the clay and water to reach equilibrium conditions.
4.3 Remix the clay-water slurry for 5 min in the blender.
4.4 Pour the clay-water slurry into the filter press and apply 345 kPa (50 psi) air pressure for 30 min.
4.5 Relieve the pressure from the filter press and then pour the clay-water slurry from the top of the filter cake that has formed.
A sharp movement of the wrist is required to remove all of the remaining slip from the filter press.
4.6 Record the temperature of the filtrate.
4.7 Reapply air pressure to the filter press for 10 min to force some of the water from the cake that has formed.
NOTE 1—Some clays have a fast filtration rate and the air may pass through the cake in less than 10 min. In this case, the air pressure should be relieved
as soon as the sound of air emitting from the press is detected.
4.8 Remove the filter cake from the press and measure the thickness to the nearest 0.1 mm with the vernier calipers.
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeC21onCeramicWhitewaresandRelatedProductsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeC21.04
on Raw Materials.
Current edition approved Feb. 15, 2006. Published February 2006.
´1
Originally approved in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as C866–77(1997) . DOI: 10.1520/C0866-77R06.
Current edition approved March 1, 2011. Published April 2011. Originally approved in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as C866 – 77 (2006). DOI:
10.1520/C0866-11.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book ofASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*ASummary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
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C866–11
4.9 Place the cake in a drying oven at 100 to 110°C for a period of 24 h. Weigh the dried filter cake to the nearest 0.01 g.
5. Calculations
5.1 Calculate the filtration rate as follows:
2
FR 5 L /T (1)
where:
2
FR = filtration rate, cm /s,
L = thickness of the wet filter cake, cm, and
T = filtration time, s.
NOTE 2—The filtration time is based upon the 30
...
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