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ASTM D4323-21

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Hydrogen Sulfide in the Atmosphere by Rate of Change of Reflectance

Standard Test Method for Hydrogen Sulfide in the Atmosphere by Rate of Change of Reflectance

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Hydrogen sulfide is an odorous substance which is offensive even at low concentrations in the atmosphere and toxic at higher levels. It may be a product of biological processes in the absence of oxygen, as may occur in municipal landfills. It is emitted from geothermal sources, occurs in oil and gas, and may be emitted from industrial processes. Measurement is required for air pollution studies, for pollution control, environmental justice based monitoring, and for plume characterization. This test method is intended for hydrogen sulfide content up to 3000 ppbv. Measurement of hydrogen sulfide above this concentration in gaseous fuels, carbon dioxide or other gaseous matrices is described in Test Method D4084. Equipment described is suitable for fixed site or for mobile monitoring.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the automatic continuous determination of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in the atmosphere or in gaseous samples in the range from one part per billion by volume (1 ppb/v) to 3000 ppb/v. Information obtained may be used for air-pollution studies, fence-line monitoring, and other source emission monitoring.  
1.2 The range may be extended by appropriate dilution techniques or by equipment modification.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See Section 9 for specific safety precautionary statements.)  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Oct-2021
ICS
13.040.20 - Ambient atmospheres
Technical Committee
D22 - Air Quality
Drafting Committee
D22.03 - Ambient Atmospheres and Source Emissions
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM D1356-20a - Standard Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
Effective Date
01-Sep-2020
Refers
ASTM D1356-20 - Standard Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
Effective Date
15-Mar-2020

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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:D4323 −21
Standard Test Method for
Hydrogen Sulfide in the Atmosphere by Rate of Change of
1
Reflectance
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4323; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D2420 Test Method for Hydrogen Sulfide in Liquefied
Petroleum (LP) Gases (Lead Acetate Method)
1.1 This test method covers the automatic continuous deter-
D2725 Test Method for Hydrogen Sulfide in Natural Gas
mination of hydrogen sulfide (H S) in the atmosphere or in
2
3
(Methylene Blue Method) (Withdrawn 1996)
gaseous samples in the range from one part per billion by
D3609 Practice for Calibration Techniques Using Perme-
volume (1 ppb/v) to 3000 ppb/v. Information obtained may be
ation Tubes
used for air-pollution studies, fence-line monitoring, and other
D4084 Test Method for Analysis of Hydrogen Sulfide in
source emission monitoring.
Gaseous Fuels (Lead Acetate Reaction Rate Method)
1.2 The range may be extended by appropriate dilution
D4323 TestMethodforHydrogenSulfideintheAtmosphere
techniques or by equipment modification.
by Rate of Change of Reflectance
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
D6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assurance
standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
and Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate Analytical
conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa-
Measurement System Performance
tion only and are not considered standard.
D6792 Practice for Quality Management Systems in Petro-
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the leum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants Testing
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the Laboratories
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- 3. Terminology
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this test
(See Section 9 for specific safety precautionary statements.)
method, refer to Terminology D1356.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
4. Summary of Test Method
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
4.1 Hydrogen sulfide is determined by reaction of H S with
2
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
lead acetate-impregnated paper tape and by comparing a
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
reading of an unknown sample with that of a known standard
using differential colorimetric detection. Detection of the rate
2. Referenced Documents
of change of reflectance provides measurement in ppb/v ranges
2
with an analysis time appropriate for the application. (See Fig.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water 1.) Sample gas is passed through a flowmeter and a humidifier;
D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of thenacrossleadacetate-treatedpapertape.Aconstanthumidity
Atmospheres isrequiredforaconstantreactionrateofH Swithleadacetate.
2
H Sreactswithleadacetatetoformabrownstainonthepaper.
2
The resultant change in reflectance is detected by a photon
1 detection system. The rate of change of reflectance is propor-
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air
Quality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.03 on Ambient
tional to H S concentration. The analyzer is composed of an
2
Atmospheres and Source Emissions.
optical system, a photon detection system, a signal differentia-
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2021. Published May 2022. Originally
tion system of first order, and a signal output system.
approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D4323 – 15. DOI:
10.1520/D4323-21.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4323−21
FIG. 1 Typical Rate of Change of Reflectance Type H S System
2
4
5. Significance and Use barium aceta
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4323 − 15 D4323 − 21
Standard Test Method for
Hydrogen Sulfide in the Atmosphere by Rate of Change of
1
Reflectance
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4323; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the automatic continuous determination of hydrogen sulfide (H S) in the atmosphere or in gaseous
2
samples in the range from one part per billion by volume (1 ppb/v) to 3000 ppb/v. Information obtained may be used for
air-pollution studies and to monitor for emission sources.studies, fence-line monitoring, and other source emission monitoring.
1.2 The range may be extended by appropriate dilution techniques or by equipment modification.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to
inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See Section 9 for specific safety precautionary statements.)
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
D2420 Test Method for Hydrogen Sulfide in Liquefied Petroleum (LP) Gases (Lead Acetate Method)
3
D2725 Test Method for Hydrogen Sulfide in Natural Gas (Methylene Blue Method) (Withdrawn 1996)
D3609 Practice for Calibration Techniques Using Permeation Tubes
D4084 Test Method for Analysis of Hydrogen Sulfide in Gaseous Fuels (Lead Acetate Reaction Rate Method)
D4323 Test Method for Hydrogen Sulfide in the Atmosphere by Rate of Change of Reflectance
D6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assurance and Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate Analytical Measure-
ment System Performance
D6792 Practice for Quality Management Systems in Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants Testing Laboratories
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Quality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.03 on Ambient Atmospheres
and Source Emissions.
Current edition approved April 1, 2015Nov. 1, 2021. Published April 2015May 2022. Originally approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 20092015 as
D4323 – 84 (2009).D4323 – 15. DOI: 10.1520/D4323-15.10.1520/D4323-21.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4323 − 21
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D1356.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 Hydrogen sulfide is determined by use of the reaction of H S with lead acetate-impregnated paper tape and by comparing a
2
reading of an unknown sample with that of a known standard using a differential colorimetric detection. Detection of the rate of
change of reflectance provides measurement in ppb/v ranges with an analysis time appropriate for the application. (See Fig. 1.)
Sample gas is passed through a flowmeter and a humidifier; then across lead acetate-treated paper tape. A constant humidity is
required for a constant reaction rate of H S with lead acetate. H S reacts with lead acetate to form a brown stain on the paper. The
2 2
resultant change in reflectance is detected by a photon detection system. The rate of change of reflectance i
...

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5.1 Guidance is provided on designing model evaluation performance procedures and on the difficulties that arise in statistical evaluation of model performance caused by the stochastic nature of dispersion in the atmosphere. It is recognized there are examples in the literature where, knowingly or unknowingly, models were evaluated on their ability to describe something which they were never intended to characterize. This guide is attempting to heighten awareness, and thereby, to reduce the number of “unknowing” comparisons. A goal of this guide is to stimulate development and testing of evaluation procedures that accommodate the effects of natural variability. A technique is illustrated to provide information from which subsequent evaluation and standardization can be derived.
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Standard Practice for Conversion Units and Factors Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 ASTM requires the use of SI units in all its publications and their use in reporting atmospheric measurement data. However, there are historic data and even data currently reported that are based on a variety of units of measurement. This practice tabulates factors that are necessary to convert such data to SI and other units of measurement.  
3.2 IEEE/ASTM SI-10 does not list all the conversion factors commonly used in air pollution and meteorological fields. This practice supplements IEEE/ASTM SI-10.  
3.3 The values reported here were obtained from a number of standard publications. They were adjusted to five figures and organized in a rational order. All values reflect the latest information from the 16th General Conference on Weights and Measurements held in 1979.  
3.4 The factors in Table 1 are provided to change units of measurement from one system to related units in other systems, as well as to smaller or larger units in the same system.  
3.5 Values of units in the left column may be converted to values of units in the right column merely by multiplying by the conversion factor provided in the center column.  (A) For specific applications and exceptions, see Terminology D1356.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides units and factors useful for members of the air pollution and meteorological communities.  
1.2 This practice is used together with IEEE/ASTM SI-10, which discusses SI units and contains selected conversion factors for inter-relation of SI units and some commonly used non-metric units.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D2914-15(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Sulfur Dioxide Content of the Atmosphere (West-Gaeke Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Sulfur dioxide is a major air pollutant, commonly formed by the combustion of sulfur-bearing fuels. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set primary and secondary air quality standards (7) that are designed to protect the public health and welfare.  
5.2 The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has promulgated exposure limits for sulfur dioxide in workplace atmospheres (8).  
5.3 These methods have been found satisfactory for measuring sulfur dioxide in ambient and workplace atmospheres over the ranges pertinent in 5.1 and 5.2.  
5.4 Method A has been designed to correspond to the EPA-Designated Reference Method (7) for the determination of sulfur dioxide.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the bubbler collection and colorimetric determination of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the ambient or workplace atmosphere.  
1.2 These test methods are applicable for determining SO2 over the range from approximately 25 μg/m3 (0.01 ppm(v)) to 1000 μg/m3 (0.4 ppm(v)), corresponding to a solution concentration of 0.03 μg SO2/mL to 1.3 μg SO2/mL. Beer's law is followed through the working analytical range from 0.02 μg SO2/mL to 1.4 μg SO2/mL.  
1.3 The lower limit of detection is 0.075 μg SO2/mL (1),2 representing an air concentration of 25 μg SO2/m3 (0.01 ppm(v)) in a 30-min sample, or 13 μg SO2/m3 (0.005 ppm(v)) in a 24-h sample.  
1.4 These test methods incorporate sampling for periods between 30 min and 24 h.  
1.5 These test methods describe the determination of the collected (impinged) samples. A Method A and a Method B are described.  
1.6 Method A is preferred over Method B, as it gives the higher sensitivity, but it has a higher blank. Manual Method B is pH-dependent, but is more suitable with spectrometers having a spectral band width greater than 20 nm.
Note 1: These test methods are applicable at concentrations below 25 μg/m3 by sampling larger volumes of air if the absorption efficiency of the particular system is first determined, as described in Annex A4.
Note 2: Concentrations higher than 1000 μg/m3 can be determined by using smaller gas volumes, larger collection volumes, or by suitable dilution of the collected sample with absorbing solution prior to analysis.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 Warning—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see 8.3.1, Section 9, and A3.1.3.  
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D3162-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Carbon Monoxide in the Atmosphere (Continuous Measurement by Nondispersive Infrared Spectrometry)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Determination of carbon monoxide is essential to evaluation of many air pollution concerns and pollution control strategies. This test method derives significance from providing such determination.  
5.2 Carbon monoxide is formed in the process of incomplete combustion of hydrocarbon fuels, and is a constituent of the exhaust of gasoline engines. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set primary and secondary air quality standards for CO that are designed to protect the public health and welfare (3, 4).  
5.3 This test method is suitable for measurements appropriate for the purposes noted in 5.1 and 5.2.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is applicable to the determination of the carbon monoxide (CO) concentration of the atmosphere between 0.6 mg/m3 (0.5 ppm(v)) and 115 mg/m3 (100 ppm(v)). The measuring principle is based on the absorption of infrared radiation by CO in the 4.7 μm region (1).2  
1.2 The test method has a limit of detection of about 0.6 mg/m3 (0.5 ppm(v)) carbon monoxide in air.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values and units in parentheses are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 9 for additional precautions.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7035-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Metals and Metalloids in Airborne Particulate Matter by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The health of workers in many industries is at risk through exposure by inhalation to toxic metals and metalloids. Industrial hygienists and other public health professionals need to determine the effectiveness of measures taken to control workers’ exposures, and this is generally achieved by making workplace air measurements. This test method has been promulgated in order to make available a standard methodology for making valid exposure measurements for a wide range of metals and metalloids that are used in industry. It will be of benefit to agencies concerned with health and safety at work; industrial hygienists and other public health professionals; analytical laboratories; industrial users of metals and metalloids and their workers, and other groups.  
5.2 This test method specifies a generic method for determination of the mass concentration of metals and metalloids in workplace air using ICP-AES.  
5.3 The analysis results can be used for the assessment of workplace exposures to metals and metalloids in workplace air.  
5.4 When sampling and analysis is carried out in accordance with this test method, the overall procedure normally satisfies the performance requirements of ISO 20581.
Note 2: Refer to Guide E1370 for guidance on the development of appropriate exposure assessment and measurement strategies.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method specifies a procedure for collection, sample preparation, and analysis of airborne particulate matter for the content of metals and metalloids using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The method is generally applicable to occupational exposure monitoring.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to personal sampling of the inhalable or respirable fraction of airborne particles and to area sampling.  
1.3 This test method should be used by analysts experienced in the use of ICP-AES, the interpretation of spectral and matrix interferences, and procedures for their correction.  
1.4 This test method specifies a number of alternative methods for preparing test solutions from samples of airborne particulate matter. One of the specified sample preparation methods is applicable to the measurement of soluble metal or metalloid compounds. Other specified methods are applicable to the measurement of total metals and metalloids.  
1.5 It is the user's responsibility to ensure the validity of this test method for sampling materials of untested matrices.  
1.6 The following is a non-exclusive list of metals and metalloids for which one or more of the sample dissolution methods specified in this document is applicable. However, there is insufficient information available on the effectiveness of dissolution methods for those elements in italics.    
Aluminum  
Indium  
Sodium  
Antimony  
Iron  
Strontium  
Arsenic  
Lead  
Tantalum  
Barium  
Lithium  
Tellurium  
Beryllium  
Magnesium  
Thallium  
Bismuth  
Manganese  
Tin  
Boron  
Molybdenum  
Titanium  
Cadmium  
Nickel  
Tungsten  
Calcium  
Phosphorus  
Uranium  
Cesium  
Platinum  
Vanadium  
Chromium  
Potassium  
Yttrium  
Cobalt  
Rhodium  
Zinc  
Copper  
Selenium  
Zirconium  
Hafnium  
Silver  
1.7 This test method is not applicable to the sampling of elemental mercury, or to inorganic compounds of metals and metalloids that are present in the gaseous or vapor state.  
1.8 No detailed operating instructions are provided because of differences among various makes and models of suitable ICP-AES instruments. Instead, the analyst shall follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer of the particular instrument. This test method does not address comparative accuracy of different devices or the precision between instruments of the same make and model.  
1.9 This test method contains notes that are explanatory and are not part of the mandatory requirements of this test method.  
1.10 The values stated in S...

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