ASTM D5295-00(2006)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Preparation of Concrete Surfaces for Adhered (Bonded) Membrane Waterproofing Systems
Standard Guide for Preparation of Concrete Surfaces for Adhered (Bonded) Membrane Waterproofing Systems
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The success of a waterproofing application depends on, among other things, the type, smoothness, and cleanliness of the concrete surface being coated. This guide describes conditioning or repairing of the concrete surface by the removal or other constructive modification of those surface defects that can affect the performance of the waterproofing system. It also covers surface preparation by chemical and blast cleaning methods in order to provide good adhesion between the waterproofing system and the concrete as well as the effect and control of various surface contaminants. (See also ACI 515.)
This guide is not intended to offer guidelines for the selection of a suitable waterproofing system; the use of specific application techniques; or the design and installation of flashing, terminations, expansion joint details, etc. (For definitions of terms, see Terminology D 1079.)
The recommended procedures described herein are minimums; the waterproofing materials manufacturer may require more strict or specific procedures for the preparation of concrete surfaces for the application of the manufacturer’specific system.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides recommendations for the preparation of concrete surfaces prior to the application of adhered (bonded) waterproofing.
1.2 This guide is directed primarily toward installations of new concrete, but is also applicable for existing concrete installations. (See also ACI 116 and ACI 546.)
1.3 This guide does not apply to loose laid systems, bentonite systems, lead, or the like.
1.4 This guide does not apply to applications involving insulating concrete.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:D5295 −00(Reapproved 2006)
Standard Guide for
Preparation of Concrete Surfaces for Adhered (Bonded)
Membrane Waterproofing Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5295; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope ACI 301 Specifications for Structural Concrete for Build-
ings
1.1 This guide provides recommendations for the prepara-
ACI 311 Guide to Inspection of Concrete
tion of concrete surfaces prior to the application of adhered
ACI 515 A Guide to the Use of Waterproofing,
(bonded) waterproofing.
Dampproofing, Protective and Decorative Barrier Systems
1.2 This guide is directed primarily toward installations of
for Concrete
new concrete, but is also applicable for existing concrete
ACI 546 Repair of Concrete
installations. (See also ACI 116 and ACI 546.)
3. Significance and Use
1.3 This guide does not apply to loose laid systems, ben-
3.1 The success of a waterproofing application depends on,
tonite systems, lead, or the like.
among other things, the type, smoothness, and cleanliness of
1.4 This guide does not apply to applications involving
the concrete surface being coated. This guide describes condi-
insulating concrete.
tioning or repairing of the concrete surface by the removal or
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
other constructive modification of those surface defects that
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
can affect the performance of the waterproofing system. It also
only.
covers surface preparation by chemical and blast cleaning
methods in order to provide good adhesion between the
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
waterproofing system and the concrete as well as the effect and
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
control of various surface contaminants. (See also ACI 515.)
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.2 This guide is not intended to offer guidelines for the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
selection of a suitable waterproofing system; the use of specific
application techniques; or the design and installation of
2. Referenced Documents
flashing, terminations, expansion joint details, etc. (For defini-
2.1 ASTM Standards: tions of terms, see Terminology D1079.)
D1079 Terminology Relating to Roofing and Waterproofing
3.3 The recommended procedures described herein are
D4262 TestMethodforpHofChemicallyCleanedorEtched
minimums; the waterproofing materials manufacturer may
Concrete Surfaces
require more strict or specific procedures for the preparation of
D4263 Test Method for Indicating Moisture in Concrete by
concrete surfaces for the application of the manufacturer’s
the Plastic Sheet Method
specific system.
2.2 ACI Standards:
4. Adhesion Inhibitors
ACI 116 Cement and Concrete Terminology
4.1 General—Among the items that inhibit the adhesion of
membrane waterproofing systems are form release agents,
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D08 on Roofing and
concrete curing compounds, admixtures, laitance, moisture,
Waterproofingand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D08.22 on Water-
and grease or oils.
proofing and Dampproofing Systems.
Current edition approved May 1, 2006. Published May 2006. Originally
4.2 Form release agents, such as oil, grease, wax, and
approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D5295 – 00. DOI:
silicones, will transfer to the surface of the concrete during
10.1520/D5295-00R06.
casting. These will cause poor adhesion of waterproofing
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
systems. Since these are almost invisible, it is difficult to detect
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
their presence. Any procedure for the removal of such materi-
the ASTM website.
als will be specific to that material. Proprietary form coating
Available fromAmerican Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, Farmington
Hills, MI 48333. materials should be accepted prior to use and after evaluation
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5295−00 (2006)
by the specifier to determine that they are appropriate for use sizable areas or amounts of unsound concrete are found, a
with the proposed waterproofing materials and systems. Pro- structural engineer shall specify appropriate corrective action.
prietary paint systems applied to the forms that are non- Cracks exceeding 2 mm ( ⁄16 in.) should be investigated to
transferable and formulated to prevent contamination of the determine whether they are still active. Such cracks should be
concrete surface should be used. chipped out before being patched, and edges should be
undercut slightly, in accordance with the suggestions and
4.3 Concrete curing compounds may contain waxes, resins,
recommendations of applicable portions of ACI 301 and 311,
chlorinated rubber, or film formers of various types. If such
or as recommended by the manufacturer of the patching
materials must be used, the specifier should be certain that the
material. No feathered edges shall be permitted. Tie holes and
materials can be completely removed or that the waterproofing
“bug holes” larger than 16 mm ( ⁄8 in.) in diameter or deeper
system manufacturer has evaluated them for use with the
than3mm( ⁄8 in.), or both, should be prepared similarly for
manufacturer’ssystemtodeterminethattheyareacceptablefor
patching.
such use. These materials should be accepted prior to use and
5.5.1 The areas to be patched, along with a band at least 150
after evaluation by the specifier to determine that they are
mm (6 in.) wide surrounding it, should be dampened before the
appropriate for use with the proposed waterproofing materials
patching application to prevent rapid absorption of water from
and system.
the bonding grout and the patching mortar, or this can be
4.4 Admixtures such as water-immiscible chemical curing
performed in accordance with the applicable provisions ofACI
agents are sometimes used in concrete. These should be
301 and 311.
avoided unless the specifier has determined that they are
5.5.2 Immediately after the surface water has evaporated
acceptable for use with the intended waterproofing materials.
from the dampening step, a bonding grout or bond coat,
These materials should be accepted prior to use and after
consisting of approximately one part of cement to one part of
evaluation by the specifier to determine that they are appropri-
fine sand passing No. 30 mesh sieve with an amount of water
ate for use with the proposed waterproofing materials and
sufficient to obtain a consistency of thick cream, should be
system.
brushed thoroughly into the surface, or this can be performed
4.5 Laitance, dust and dirt, moisture, and grease and oil can
in accordance with the applicable provisions of ACI 301 and
inhibit or impair adhesion of the waterproofing system. These
311.
must be removed; controlled in a manner acceptable to the
5.5.3 The patching mortar should be made from the same
waterproofing materials manufacturer; or found by the manu-
materials and in the same proportions as the concrete, with the
facturer to be non-detrimental to the adhesion and performance
exception of coarse aggregate. (In any case, use no more than
of the waterproofing system to be employed.
one part cement to 2.5 parts sand.) Mix the patching mortar
thoroughly with an amount of water sufficient only to obtain
5. Repair of Surface Defects
the stiffest consistency that will permit placement. Apply the
5.1 General—Surface defects that may impair adhesion
mortar as soon as the bonding coat begins to loose the water
include honeycomb, fins, tie holes, “bug holes,” sharp offsets
sheen. Mortar should be worked thoroughly into place and
from displaced forms, rutted cracks, ragged corners, deviations
struck off slightly higher than the surrounding area to allow for
in the surface plane, and other similar concrete defects, along
some initial shrinkage. Such patches should set for at least 1
with spalling and delaminations of the concrete surface. (See
hour before surface finishing and then be damp-cured for seven
also, Concrete Manual. )
days. Any tie holes or “bug holes” should be filled completely
with mortar.This can also be performed in accordance with the
5.2 Fins, protrusions, or similar irregularities should be cut
applicable provisions of ACI 301 and 311.
back to the surface by chipping, bushhammering, needlegun-
5.5.4 Proprietary materials may be used either in lieu of or
ning, or wirebrushing. Avoid polishing of the concrete surface
in addition to the patching materials described in 5.5.3. Such
by these techniques.
compounds must be used in accordance with the manufactur-
5.3 Sharp offsets in the surface, such as those caused by
er’s instructions. These proprietary materials must be compat-
formwork misalignment, should be cut back to an even surface
ible with, and not interfere with, adhesion of the waterproofing
by chipping, bushhammering, needlegunning, wirebrushing, or
system to be employed. Proprietary patching materials should
transitioning with grout. This could also be performed in
be accepted prior to use and after evaluation by the specifier to
accordance with the applicable provisions ofACI 301 and 311.
determine that they are appropriate for use with the proposed
Avoid polishing the concrete surface by any of these tech-
waterproofing materials and system.
niques.
5.4 Sharp offsets between precast sections should be cor-
6. Surface Preparation
rected as indicated in 5.5.
6.1 General—Most waterproofing systems depend on good
5.5 Defective concrete areas should be removed down to
adhesion to the concrete. This, in turn, depends on proper
sound concrete, preferably by chipping; if grinding is neces-
surface preparation. The concrete surfaces must be free of
sary, care must be taken to avoid “polishing” the surfaces. If
loose, weak, and unsound materials (including laitance), as
well as any chemical contamination that may adversely affect
the bond. Some tests for the adequacy of the surface prepara-
Available from U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, CO, Concrete Manual,
8th Edition, 1975, pp. 393–429. tion are reviewed (see also 7.5). The preparation and testing of
D5295−00 (2006)
the concrete surfaces could also be performed in accordance Because of these factors and the potential hazards involved
with the applicable provisions ofACI 301 and 311.When there with the use of acid, as well as cleanup and environmental
is doubt concerning selection of a cleaning method, a small considerations, such cleaning should be used only where no
trial installation using one or more cleaning methods followed alternative means of cleaning are possible and should be
by a patch test should be performed. performed only by those experienced in its use.
6.5.2 A10/90 to 20/80 dilution of commercial grade hydro-
6.2 Scrapingisatechniqueusedfrequentlytoremoveathin,
chloric acid in water is typically prepared and applied to the
top layer of unsound concrete, for example, using a straight,
2 2
concrete at a rate of 1.0 L/m (1 qt/yd ). The surface to be
flatedgebladetoremovelaitance.Itdoesnotgougethesurface
etched is normally predampened to obtain a more uniform acid
but still returns to a sound substrate. It is used instead of
etch. The acid solution is scrubbed into the surface. Foaming
sanding because sanding tends to drive the dust from the
will subside in 3 to 5 min, after which the surface should be
surface into the pores, thereby providing an interfacing or
flushed thoroughly with fresh water while scrubbing with stiff
parting film. Cleaning the surface after scraping is usually
bristle brushes, in order to remove the salts formed by the acid
performed by air blast using oil-free compressed air. If mate-
reaction and to dislodge loose particles. A second treatment
rials do not adhere to such surfaces, a primer will frequently be
may be necessary to obtain a reasonably clean surface. When
required.
the presence of chlorides is inadvisable (due to effects on
6.3 Chemical cleaning may be necessary prior to blast
concrete or reinforcing steel), a 15 % phosphoric acid solution
cleaning or acid etching, in order to remove surface contami-
shouldbeused.Theapplicationandwashingtechniquesarethe
nants such as oil, grease, and dirt. Solutions of 10 % caustic
same. The efficacy of the flushing operation should be verified
soda or of trisodium phosphate may be used as well as
at a number of points within the area treated by placing litmus
proprietarydetergentsspeciallyformulatedforuseonconcrete.
or pH paper on the wet surface to determine that the surface is
They should be applied with vigorous scrubbing, followed by
reasonably free of acid and chloride residues.
flushing with water to remove all traces of both the detergent
and the contaminant, until the surface is neutral or only slightly
7. Surface Evaluation
alkaline, as indicated by litmus or pH paper. Solvents must be
7.1 General—Concrete surfaces should be tested to verify
avoided because they dissolve the oil, grease, etc. and spread
they are suitable for waterproofing application. The number of
the contamination over a larger area.
tests to be made, the specific areas to be tested, and the tests to
6.4 Mechanical cleaning procedures are normally consid-
be used are to be mutually agreed upon by the manufacturer of
ered to be scarification and blast cleaning.
the waterproofing materials, the applicator, and the represen-
6.4.1 Scarificationbyamechanicalimpactingdeviceisused
tative(s) of the owner. This information should be specified in
on concrete surfaces to remove thick overlays of dirt or weak
the contract documents. While various test procedures are
surface material. After scarification, water or sand-blasting is
described in this section, additional testing and test procedures
required to remove aggregates weakened by mechanical im-
may be required by the waterproofing materials manufacturer.
pacting. If the scarification process produces a surface too
7.2 Temperature Conditions—It is important that extremes
coarse or too uneven for proper adhesion, it should be made
in ambient temperature conditions always be avoided during
smooth with patching mortar.
surface evaluation test app
...
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