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ASTM D7100-05

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Hydraulic Conductivity Compatibility Testing of Soils with Aqueous Solutions

Standard Test Method for Hydraulic Conductivity Compatibility Testing of Soils with Aqueous Solutions

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers hydraulic conductivity compatibility testing of saturated soils in the laboratory with aqueous solutions that may alter hydraulic conductivity (for example, waste related liquids) using a flexible-wall permeameter. A hydraulic conductivity test is conducted until both hydraulic and chemical equilibrium are achieved such that potential interactions between the soil specimen being permeated and the aqueous solution are taken into consideration with respect to the measured hydraulic conductivity.
1.2 This test method is applicable to soils with hydraulic conductivities less than approximately 1 x 10-8 m/s.
1.3 In addition to hydraulic conductivity, intrinsic permeability can be determined for a soil if the density and viscosity of the aqueous solution are known or can be determined.
1.4 This test method can be used for all specimen types, including undisturbed, reconstituted, remolded, compacted, etc. specimens.
1.5 A specimen may be saturated and permeated using three methods. Method 1 is for saturation with water and permeation with aqueous solution. Method 2 is for saturation and permeation with aqueous solution. Method 3 is for saturation with water, initial permeation with water, and subsequent permeation with aqueous solution.
1.6 The amount of flow through a specimen in response to a hydraulic gradient generated across the specimen is measured with respect to time. The amount and properties of influent and effluent liquids are monitored during the test.
1.7 The hydraulic conductivity with an aqueous solution is determined using procedures similar to determination of hydraulic conductivity of saturated soils with water as described in Test Methods D 5084. Several test procedures can be used, including the falling headwater-rising tailwater, the constant-head, the falling headwater-constant tailwater, or the constant rate-of-flow test procedures.
1.8 The standard units for the hydraulic conductivity values are the SI units, unless other units are specified. Hydraulic conductivity has traditionally been expressed in cm/s in the U.S., even though the official SI unit for hydraulic conductivity is m/s.
1.9 This standard contains a Hazards section related to using hazardous liquids (Section 7).
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Nov-2005
ICS
13.080.40 - Hydrological properties of soils
Technical Committee
D18 - Soil and Rock
Drafting Committee
D18.04 - Hydrologic Properties and Hydraulic Barriers
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D7100-04 - Standard Test Method for Hydraulic Conductivity Compatibility Testing of Soils with Aqueous Solutions that may Alter Hydraulic Conductivity
Effective Date
15-Nov-2005
Replaced By
ASTM D7100-06 - Standard Test Method for Hydraulic Conductivity Compatibility Testing of Soils with Aqueous Solutions
Effective Date
01-May-2006
Referred By
ASTM D6766-20a - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Hydraulic Properties of Geosynthetic Clay Liners Permeated with Potentially Incompatible Aqueous Solutions
Effective Date
15-Nov-2005
Referred By
ASTM D7243-11(2020) - Standard Guide for Measuring the Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity of Paper Industry Sludges
Effective Date
15-Nov-2005

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ASTM D7100-05 - Standard Test Method for Hydraulic Conductivity Compatibility Testing of Soils with Aqueous SolutionsASTM D7100-05 - Standard Test Method for Hydraulic Conductivity Compatibility Testing of Soils with Aqueous Solutions
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ASTM D7100-05 - Standard Test Method for Hydraulic Conductivity Compatibility Testing of Soils with Aqueous Solutions
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D7100–05
Standard Test Method for
Hydraulic Conductivity Compatibility Testing of Soils with
1
Aqueous Solutions
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7100; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope conductivity has traditionally been expressed in cm/s in the
U.S.,eventhoughtheofficialSIunitforhydraulicconductivity
1.1 This test method covers hydraulic conductivity compat-
is m/s.
ibility testing of saturated soils in the laboratory with aqueous
1.9 ThisstandardcontainsaHazardssectionrelatedtousing
solutions that may alter hydraulic conductivity (for example,
hazardous liquids (Section 7).
waste related liquids) using a flexible-wall permeameter. A
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the
hydraulic conductivity test is conducted until both hydraulic
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
and chemical equilibrium are achieved such that potential
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
interactions between the soil specimen being permeated and
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
the aqueous solution are taken into consideration with respect
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
to the measured hydraulic conductivity.
1.2 This test method is applicable to soils with hydraulic
2. Referenced Documents
-8
conductivities less than approximately 1 3 10 m/s.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.3 In addition to hydraulic conductivity, intrinsic perme-
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
ability can be determined for a soil if the density and viscosity
Fluids
of the aqueous solution are known or can be determined.
D698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-
1.4 This test method can be used for all specimen types,
3
istics of Soil Using Standard Effort [12400 ft-lbf/ft (600
including undisturbed, reconstituted, remolded, compacted,
3
kN-m/m )]
etc. specimens.
D854 Test Method for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by
1.5 Aspecimenmaybesaturatedandpermeatedusingthree
Water Pycnometer
methods.Method1isforsaturationwithwaterandpermeation
D888 Test Methods for Dissolved Oxygen in Water
with aqueous solution. Method 2 is for saturation and perme-
D1125 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity and Re-
ation with aqueous solution. Method 3 is for saturation with
sistivity of Water
water, initial permeation with water, and subsequent perme-
D1293 Test Methods for pH of Water
ation with aqueous solution.
D1429 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Water and
1.6 The amount of flow through a specimen in response to
Brine
ahydraulicgradientgeneratedacrossthespecimenismeasured
D1498 PracticeforOxidation-ReductionPotentialofWater
withrespecttotime.Theamountandpropertiesofinfluentand
D1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Charac-
effluent liquids are monitored during the test.
teristics of Soil Using Modified Effort [56000 ft-lbf/
1.7 The hydraulic conductivity with an aqueous solution is
3 3
ft (2700 kN-m/m )]
determined using procedures similar to determination of hy-
D1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Geotechnical Sam-
draulic conductivity of saturated soils with water as described
pling of Soils
in Test Methods D5084. Several test procedures can be used,
D1889 Test Method for Turbidity of Water
including the falling headwater-rising tailwater, the constant-
D2216 TestMethodforLaboratoryDeterminationofWater
head, the falling headwater-constant tailwater, or the constant
(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
rate-of-flow test procedures.
D2435 Test Method for One-Dimensional Consolidation
1.8 The standard units for the hydraulic conductivity values
Properties of Soils
are the SI units, unless other units are specified. Hydraulic
D3550 Practice for Ring-Lined Barrel Sampling of Soils
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoiland
2
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.04 on Hydrologic For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Properties of Soil and Rocks. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2005. Published December 2005. Originally Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D7100–04. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7100–05
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies c
...

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5.1 The water content of soil is used throughout geotechnical engineering practice, both in the laboratory and in the field. Results are sometimes needed within a short time period and in locations where it is not practical to install an oven or to transport samples to an oven. This test method is used for these occasions.  
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1.1 This test method outlines procedures for determining the water (moisture) content of soil by chemical reaction using calcium carbide as a reagent to react with the available water in the soil producing a gas. A measurement is made of the gas pressure produced when a specified mass of wet or moist soil is placed in a testing device with an appropriate volume of reagent and mixed.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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1.1 This test method outlines procedures for determining the water content of soils by incrementally drying soil in a microwave oven.  
1.2 This test method can be used as a substitute for Test Method D2216 when more rapid results are desired to expedite other phases of testing and slightly less accurate results are acceptable.  
1.3 When questions of accuracy between this test method and Test Method D2216 arise, Test Method D2216 shall be the referee method.  
1.4 This test method is applicable for most soil types. For some soils, such as those containing significant amounts of halloysite, mica, montmorillonite, gypsum or other hydrated materials, highly organic soils, or soils in which the pore water contains significant amounts of dissolved solids (such as salt in the case of marine deposits), this test method may not yield reliable water content values due to the potential for heating above 110°C or lack of means to account for the presence of precipitated solids that were previously dissolved.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Performance of the test method utilizing another system of units shall not be considered non-conformance. The sieve designations are identified using the “standard” system in accordance with Specification E11, such as 2.0-mm and 19-mm, followed by the “alternative” system of No. 10 and 3/4-in., respectively, in parentheses.  
1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026, unless otherwise superseded by this standard.  
1.6.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies...

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ASTM
ASTM D8037/D8037M-16(Practice)
Standard Practice for Direct Push Hydraulic Logging for Profiling Variations of Permeability in Soils

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The injection logging system provides a rapid and efficient way to ascertain the pressure required to inject water into unconsolidated formations at the given flow rate in real time (Fig. 1) (1-4, 7).5 The measured injection pressure and flow rate are then used to assess variations in formation permeability versus depth and infer changes in formation lithology and understand the local hydrostratigraphy (1-4, 8-16). Log interpretation should be confirmed with targeted soil coring adjacent to selected log locations or running logs adjacent to one or more previously logged borings. Practice D3740 was developed for agencies engaged in the testing and/or inspection of soils and rock. As such, it is not totally applicable to agencies performing this practice. However, users of this practice should recognize that the framework of Practice D3740 is appropriate for evaluating the quality of an agency performing this practice. Currently there is no known qualifying national authority that inspects agencies that perform this practice.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a method for rapid delineation of variations in formation permeability in the subsurface using an injection logging tool. Clean water is injected from a port on the side of the probe as it is advanced at approximately 2cm/s into virgin soils. Logging with the injection tool is typically performed with direct push equipment, however other drilling machines may be modified to run the logs by direct push methods (for example, addition of a suitable hammer and/or hydraulic ram systems). Injection logs exceeding 100 ft [30m] depth have been obtained. Direct push methods are not intended to penetrate consolidated rock and may encounter refusal in very dense formations or when cobbles or boulders are encountered in the subsurface. However, injection logging has been performed in some semi-consolidated or soft formations.  
1.2 This standard practice describes how to obtain a real time vertical log of injection pressure and flow rate with depth. The data obtained is indicative of the variations of permeability in the subsurface and is typically used to infer formation lithology. The person(s) responsible for review, interpretation and application of the injection logging data should be familiar with the logging technique as well as the soils, geology and hydrogeology of the area under investigation.  
1.3 The injection logging system may be operated with a built in electrical conductivity sensor to provide additional real time information on stratigraphy and is essential for targeting test zones. Other sensors, such as fluorescence detectors (Practice D6187), a membrane interface probe (Practice D7352) or a cone penetration tool (Test Method D5778) may be used in conjunction with injection logging to provide additional information. The use of the injection logging tool in concert with an electrical conductivity array or cone penetration tool is highly recommended (although not mandatory) to further define hydrostratigraphic conditions, such as migration pathways, low permeability zones (for example, aquitards) and to guide confirmation sampling. The EC log and injection pressure log may be compared in some settings to identify the presence of ionic contaminants or ionic injectates used for remediation.  
1.4 The injection logging system does not provide quantitative permeability or hydraulic conductivity information. However, injection pressure and flow data may be used to provide a qualitative indication of formation permeability. Semi-quantitative values of permeability may be obtained by correlation of injection logging data with other methods (1-4).2 Also, a log of estimated hydraulic conductivity (5) may be calculated for the saturated zone using an empirical model included in some versions of the log viewing software. The data allows for estimates of hydraulic conductivity (K) at the inch-scale using the corrected injection pressure ...

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ASTM
ASTM D6836-16(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Determination of the Soil Water Characteristic Curve for Desorption Using Hanging Column, Pressure Extractor, Chilled Mirror Hygrometer, or Centrifuge

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The soil water characteristic curve (SWCC) is fundamental to hydrological characterization of unsaturated soils and is required for most analyses of water movement in unsaturated soils. The SWCC is also used in characterizing the shear strength and compressibility of unsaturated soils. The unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of soil is often estimated using properties of the SWCC and the saturated hydraulic conductivity.  
5.2 This method applies only to soils containing two pore fluids: a gas and a liquid. The liquid is usually water and the gas is usually air. Other liquids may also be used, but caution must be exercised if the liquid being used causes excessive shrinkage or swelling of the soil matrix.  
5.3 A full investigation has not been conducted regarding the correlation between soil water characteristic curves obtained using this method and soil water characteristics curves of in-place materials. Thus, results obtained from this method should be applied to field situations with caution and by qualified personnel.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard depends on the competence of the personnel performing the test and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors. Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of these factors.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of soil water characteristic curves (SWCCs) for desorption (drying). SWCCs describe the relationship between suction and volumetric water content, gravimetric water content, or degree of water saturation. SWCCs are also referred to as soil water retention curves, soil water release curves, or capillary pressure curves.  
1.2 This standard describes five methods (A-E) for determining the soil water characteristic curve. Method A (hanging column) is suitable for making determinations for suctions in the range of 0 to 80 kPa. Method B (pressure chamber with volumetric measurement) and Method C (pressure chamber with gravimetric measurement) are suitable for suctions in the range of 0 to 1500 kPa. Method D (chilled mirror hygrometer) is suitable for making determinations for suctions in the range of 500 kPa to 100 MPa. Method E (centrifuge method) is suitable for making determinations in the range 0 to 120 kPa. Method A typically is used for coarse soils with little fines that drain readily. Methods B and C typically are used for finer soils, which retain water more tightly. Method D is used when suctions near saturation are not required and commonly is employed to define the dry end of the soil water characteristic curve (that is, water contents corresponding to suctions >1000 kPa). Method E is typically used for coarser soils where an appreciable amount of water can be extracted with suctions up to 120 kPa. The methods may be combined to provide a detailed description of the soil water characteristic curve. In this application, Method A or E is used to define the soil water characteristic curve at lower suctions (0 to 80 kPa for A, 0 to 120 kPa for E) near saturation and to accurately identify the air entry suction, Method B or C is used to define the soil water characteristic curve for intermediate water contents and suctions (100 to 1000 kPa), and Method D is used to define the soil water characteristic curves at low water contents and higher suctions (>1000 kPa).  
1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guide for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026. The procedures in Practice D6026 that are used to specify how data are collected, recorded, and calculated are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are represe...

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ASTM
ASTM D4959-16(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Water Content of Soil By Direct Heating

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The water content of a soil is used throughout geotechnical engineering practice both in the laboratory and in the field. The use of Test Methods D2216 for water content determination can be time consuming and there are occasions when a more expedient method is desirable. Drying by direct heating is one such method. Results of this test method have been demonstrated to be of satisfactory accuracy for use in field control work, such as in the determination of water content, and in the determination of in-place dry unit weight of soils.  
5.2 The principal objection to the use of the direct heating for water content determination is the possibility of overheating the soil, thereby yielding a water content higher than would be determined by Test Methods D2216. While not eliminating this possibility, the incremental drying procedure in this test method will minimize its effects. Some heat sources have settings or controls that can also be used to reduce overheating. Loose fitting covers or enclosures can also be used to reduce overheating while assisting in uniform heat distribution.  
5.3 The behavior of a soil when subjected to direct heating is dependent on its mineralogical composition, and as a result, no one procedure is applicable for all types of soils or heat sources. The general procedure of this test method applies to all soils, but test details may need to be tailored to the soil being tested.  
5.4 When this test method is to be used repeatedly on the same or similar soil from a given site, a correction factor can usually be determined by making several comparisons between the results of this test method and Test Methods D2216. A correction factor is valid when the difference is consistent for several comparisons, and is reconfirmed on a regular specified basis.  
5.5 This test method may not be appropriate when precise results are required, or when minor variations in water content will affect the results of other test methods, such as borderline s...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for determining the water content of soils by drying with direct heat, such as using a hotplate, stove, blowtorch, and the like.  
1.2 This test method can be used as a substitute for Test Methods D2216 when more rapid results are desired to expedite other phases of testing and slightly less accurate results are acceptable.  
1.3 When questions of accuracy between this test method and Test Methods D2216 arise, Test Methods D2216 shall be the referee method.  
1.4 This test method is applicable for most soil types. For some soils, such as those containing significant amounts of halloysite, mica, montmorillonite, gypsum, or other hydrated materials, highly organic soils or soils that contain dissolved solids, (such as salt in the case of marine deposits), this test method may not yield reliable water content values due to the potential for heating above 110°C or lack of means to account for the presence of precipitated solids that were previously dissolved.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Performance of the test method utilizing another system of units shall not be considered non-conformance. The sieve designations are identified using the “standard” system in accordance with Specification E11, such as 2.0-mm and 19-mm, followed by the “alternative” system of No. 10 and 3/4-in., respectively, in parentheses.  
1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in D6026, unless otherwise superseded by this standard.  
1.6.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider...

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