ASTM E1568-03(2008)e1
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for the Determination of Gold in Activated Carbon by Fire Assay Gravimetry
Standard Test Method for the Determination of Gold in Activated Carbon by Fire Assay Gravimetry
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
In the primary metallurgical processes used by the mineral processing industry for gold bearing ores, gold is extracted with alkaline cyanide solutions and adsorbed onto activated carbon for recovery of the metal. Metallurgical accounting, process control, and ore evaluation procedures for this type of mineral processing plant depend on accurate, precise, and prompt measurements of gold concentrations in the activated carbon.
This test method for gold in activated carbon is intended primarily as a referee method to test such materials for metal content. It is assumed that those who use these procedures will be trained analysts capable of performing common laboratory procedures skillfully and safely. It is expected that work will be performed in a properly equipped laboratory and that proper waste disposal procedures will be followed. Appropriate quality control practices must be followed, such as those described in Guide E 882.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of gold in activated carbon by fire assay collection and gravimetric measurement. It covers the range of 15 μg to 5000 μg/g gold.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound values given in parentheses are for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazards statements, see Section 9 and 11.2.3-11.2.5, 11.3.4, and 11.3.4.
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´1
Designation: E1568 − 03 (Reapproved2008)
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Gold in Activated Carbon by Fire Assay
Gravimetry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1568; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
´ NOTE—Warning notes were editorially revised throughout in November 2008.
1. Scope Methods for Chemical Analysis of Metals (Withdrawn
1998)
1.1 This test method covers the determination of gold in
E276 TestMethodforParticleSizeorScreenAnalysisatNo.
activated carbon by fire assay collection and gravimetric
4 (4.75-mm) Sieve and Finer for Metal-Bearing Ores and
measurement. It covers the range of 15 µg to 5000 µg/g gold.
Related Materials
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
E300 Practice for Sampling Industrial Chemicals
standard. The inch-pound values given in parentheses are for
E882 Guide for Accountability and Quality Control in the
information only and are not considered standard.
Chemical Analysis Laboratory
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
E1601 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the Evaluate the Performance of an Analytical Method
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3. Terminology
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bilityofregulatorylimitationspriortouse.Forspecifichazards
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this test
statements, see Section 9 and 11.2.3-11.2.5, 11.3.4, and 11.3.4.
method, refer to Terminology E135.
2. Referenced Documents 4. Summary of Test Method
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.1 The weighed test sample is ignited and fused with fire
D2862 Test Method for Particle Size Distribution of Granu- assay flux in a clay crucible. The lead metal from the fusion is
lar Activated Carbon
separated and the precious metals concentrated by oxidation
D2866 Test Method for Total Ash Content of Activated and adsorption of the lead on a cupel, the silver is parted with
Carbon
nitric acid, and the gold is annealed and weighed on a
D2867 Test Methods for Moisture in Activated Carbon microbalance.
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
5. Significance and Use
Determine Conformance with Specifications
E50 Practices for Apparatus, Reagents, and Safety Consid-
5.1 In the primary metallurgical processes used by the
erations for Chemical Analysis of Metals, Ores, and
mineral processing industry for gold bearing ores, gold is
Related Materials
extracted with alkaline cyanide solutions and adsorbed onto
E135 Terminology Relating to Analytical Chemistry for
activated carbon for recovery of the metal. Metallurgical
Metals, Ores, and Related Materials
accounting, process control, and ore evaluation procedures for
E173 Practice for Conducting Interlaboratory Studies of
this type of mineral processing plant depend on accurate,
precise, and prompt measurements of gold concentrations in
the activated carbon.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E01 on
5.2 This test method for gold in activated carbon is intended
Analytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related Materials and is the direct
primarily as a referee method to test such materials for metal
responsibility of Subcommittee E01.02 on Ores, Concentrates, and Related Metal-
lurgical Materials.
content. It is assumed that those who use these procedures will
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2008. Published December 2008. Originally
be trained analysts capable of performing common laboratory
approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as E1568 – 03. DOI:
proceduresskillfullyandsafely.Itisexpectedthatworkwillbe
10.1520/E1568-03R08E01.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´1
E1568 − 03 (2008)
performed in a properly equipped laboratory and that proper 8.7 SiO —Silicon dioxide powder, with gold content less
waste disposal procedures will be followed. Appropriate qual- than 0.001 µg/g.
ity control practices must be followed, such as those described
8.8 Silver Foil—99.9 % minimum, with gold content less
in Guide E882.
than 0.001 µg/g.
8.9 Na CO —Sodium carbonate powder, with gold content
6. Interferences 2 3
less than 0.001 µg/g.
6.1 Elements normally found in ore processing activated
8.10 Strong HNO (1 + 2) Parting Solution—Add 330 mL
carbon do not interfere. When present, platinum group metals 3
HNO to 660 mL of water.
may be reported as gold in gravimetric fire assay determina- 3
tions and must be less than 0.1 mg in the final gold bead.
8.11 Weak HNO (1 + 4) Parting Solution—Add 200 mL
HNO to 800 mL water.
7. Apparatus
9. Hazards
7.1 Analytical Balance, capable of weighing to 0.1 g.
9.1 Refer to Practices E50 for precautions to be observed in
7.2 Assay Mold, 100-mL capacity.
this test method.
7.3 Cupel, magnesite, 30-g lead capacity.
9.2 Use care when handling hot crucibles and operating
7.4 Drying Oven, having forced air circulation, with tem-
furnaces in order to avoid personal injury by either burn or
perature control between 145 °C and 155 °C.
electrical shock.
7.5 Fire Clay Crucible, 30-g sample capacity.
9.3 Lead and PbO are toxic materials and are volatile at
7.6 Hot Plate, having variable temperature control, used
relatively low temperatures. Use accepted safety procedures to
with ventilation control for acid fumes.
avoid inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact.
7.7 Jeweler’s Rolls, capable of flattening doré beads.
9.4 Refer to 11.2.3-11.2.5, 11.3.4, and 11.3.4.
7.8 Muffle Furnace, having air circulation with draft
10. Sampling
controls, capable of temperatures to 1100 °C, accurate to 6
10 °C, used with ventilation controls for lead fumes.
10.1 Collect the sample in accordance with Practice E300.
Samplesmustbefreeofanyextraneousmaterialssuchassand,
7.9 Semi-Microbalance, capable of weighing to 0.01 mg.
rocks, and wood.
7.10 Roasting Dish, 15-g sample capacity.
10.2 Sample Preparation—Dry the sample, in accordance
8. Reagents
with the Oven-Drying Method of Test Methods D2867,to
constant weight at 150 °C. If the analysis of a particular
8.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent grade chemicals shall be
particle size range is desired, separate fractions in accordance
used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that
with Test Method D2862.
all reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Commit-
tee onAnalytical Reagents of theAmerican Chemical Society,
10.3 Test Sample—Pulverize the gross sample so that at
where such specifications are available. Other grades may be least 90 % passes a 150-µm (100 mesh, Tyler) sieve, in
used, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of
accordance with Test Method E276. Mix the gross sample.
sufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening the Weigh duplicate test samples of 15.0 g 6 1.0 g, and record the
accuracy of the determination.
test sample weight
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation:E1568–03(Reapproved 2008)
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Gold in Activated Carbon by Fire Assay
Gravimetry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1568; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
´ NOTE—Warning notes were editorially revised throughout in November 2008.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of gold in activated carbon by fire assay collection and gravimetric measurement.
It covers the range of 15 µg to 5000 µg/g gold.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound values given in parentheses are for
information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems,concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazards statements, see Section 9 and Notes 2-4, Note 6, and Note 7and
11.2.3-11.2.5, 11.3.4, and 11.3.4.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 2862 Test Method for Particle Size Distribution of Granular Activated Carbon
D 2866 Test Method for Total Ash Content of Activated Carbon
D 2867 Test Methods for Moisture in Activated Carbon
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications
E50 Practices for Apparatus, Reagents, and Safety Precautions for Chemical Analysis of Metals
Practices for Apparatus, Reagents, and Safety Considerations for Chemical Analysis of Metals, Ores, and Related Materials
E 135 Terminology Relating to Analytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related Materials
E 173 Practice for Conducting Interlaboratory Studies of Methods for Chemical Analysis of Metals
E 276 TestMethodforParticleSizeorScreenAnalysisatNo.4(4.75-mm)SieveandFinerforMetal-BearingOresandRelated
Materials
E 300 Practice for Sampling Industrial Chemicals
E 882 Guide for Accountability and Quality Control in the Chemical Analysis Laboratory
E 1601 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Studies of Methods for Chemical Analysis of Metals
2.2
E173Practice for Conducting Interlaboratory Studies of Methods for Chemical Analysis of Metals Practice for Conducting an
Interlaboratory Study to Evaluate the Performance of an Analytical Method
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
For —For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology E 135.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 The weighed test sample is ignited and fused with fire assay flux in a clay crucible. The lead metal from the fusion is
separated and the precious metals concentrated by oxidation and adsorption of the lead on a cupel, the silver is parted with nitric
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E01 on Analytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related Materials and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee E01.02 on Ores, Concentrates, and Related Metallurgical Materials.
Current edition approved June 10, 2003. Published August 2003. Originally published in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as E1568–93 (1998).
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2008. Published December 2008. Originally approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as E 1568 – 03.
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
, Vol 15.01.volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
´1
E1568–03 (2008)
acid, and the gold is annealed and weighed on a microbalance.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 In the primary metallurgical processes used by the mineral processing industry for gold bearing ores, gold is extracted with
alkaline cyanide solutions and adsorbed onto activated carbon for recovery of the metal. Metallurgical accounting, process control,
and ore evaluation procedures for this type of mineral processing plant depend on accurate, precise, and prompt measurements of
gold concentrations in the activated carbon.
5.2 This test method for gold in activated carbon is intended primarily as a referee method to test such materials for metal
content. It is assumed that those who use these procedures will be trained analysts capable of performing common laboratory
procedures skillfully and safely. It is expected that work will be performed in a properly equipped laboratory and that proper waste
disposal procedures will be followed. Appropriate quality control practices must be followed, such as those described in Guide
E 882.
6. Interferences
6.1 Elements normally found in ore processing activated carbon do not interfere. When present, platinum group metals may be
reported as gold in gravimetric fire assay determinations and must be less than 0.1 mg in the final gold bead.
7. Apparatus
7.1 Analytical Balance, capable of weighing to 0.1 g.
7.2 Assay Mold, 100-mL capacity.
7.3 Cupel, magnesite, 30-g lead capacity.
7.4 Drying Oven, having forced air circulation, with temperature control between 145 °C and 155 °C.
7.5 Fire Clay Crucible, 30-g sample capacity.
7.6 Hot Plate, having variable temperature control, used with ventilation control for acid fumes.
7.7 Jeweler’s Rolls, capable of flattening doré beads.
7.8 Muffle Furnace, having air circulation with draft controls, capable of temperatures to 1100 °C, accurate to 6 10 °C, used
with ventilation controls for lead fumes.
7.9 Semi-Microbalance, capable of weighing to 0.01 mg.
7.10 Roasting Dish, 15-g sample capacity.
8. Reagents
8.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent grade chemicals shall be used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that all
reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Committee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society, where
such specifications are available. Other grades may be used, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficiently high
purity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy of the determination.
8.2 Ammonia Wash Solution, NH OH (1 + 17)—Add100mLammoniumhydroxideto1700mLofH O.
Ammonia Wash Solution, NH 2
—Add 100 mL NH OH to 1700 mL of water.
8.3 Borax—Na B O —Sodium borate powder, with gold content less than 0.001 µg/g.
2 4 7
8.4 Fire Assay Flux Mixture—Mix 575 g of litharge (PbO) with 275 g of soda ash (Na CO ), 75 g of borax (Na B O ), 75 g
2 3 2 4 7
of silica (SiO ), and 30 g of baking flour.
8.5 Lead Foil—99.9 % minimum, with gold content less than 0.001 µg/g.
8.6 Litharge, PbOPbO—Lead oxide powder, with gold content less than 0.001 µg/g.
8.7 Silica, SiO SiO —Silicon dioxide powder, with gold content less than 0.001 µg/g.
2 2
8.8 Silver Foil—99.9 % minimum, with gold content less than 0.001 µg/g.
8.9 Soda Ash, Na CO —Sodium carbonate powder, with gold content less than 0.001 µg/g.
Na 3
8.10 Strong Nitric Acid Parting Solution , HNO (1+2)—Add 330 mL nitric acid to 660 mL of H O. (1 + 2) Parting
Strong HNO 2
Solution—Add 330 mL HNO to 660 mL of water.
8.11 Weak Nitric Acid Parting Solution , HNO (1+4)—Add 200 mL nitric acid to 800 mL H O. (1 + 4) Parting
Weak HNO 2
Solution—Add 200 mL HNO to 800 mL water.
9. Hazards
9.1 Refer to Practices E 50 for precautions to be observed in this test method.
9.2 Use care when handling hot crucibles and operating furnaces in order to avoid personal injury by either burn or electrical
shock.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.05.Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, America
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation:E1568–903(Reapproved 199 2008)
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Gold in Activated Carbon by Fire Assay
Gravimetry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1568; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
´ NOTE—Warning notes were editorially revised throughout in November 2008.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of gold in activated carbon by fire assay collection and gravimetric measurement.
It covers the range of 15 µg to 5000 µg/g gold.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound values given in parentheses are for
information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems,concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazards statements, see Section 9 and Notes 2-4, Note 6, and Note 7and
11.2.3-11.2.5, 11.3.4, and 11.3.4.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 2862 Test Method for Particle Size Distribution of Granular Activated Carbon
D 2866 Test Method for Total Ash Content of Activated Carbon
D 2867 Test Methods for Moisture in Activated Carbon
E 29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications
E 50Practices for Apparatus, Reagents, and Safety Precautions for Chemical Analysis of Metals Practices for Apparatus,
Reagents, and Safety Considerations for Chemical Analysis of Metals, Ores, and Related Materials
E173Practice for Conducting Interlaboratory Studies of Methods for ChemicalAnalysis of Metals 135 Terminology Relating
to Analytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related Materials
E276Test Method for Particle Size or ScreenAnalysis at No. 4 (4.75 mm) Sieve and Finer for Metal-Bearing Ores and Related
4 3
Materials 173 Practice for Conducting Interlaboratory Studies of Methods for Chemical Analysis of Metals
E 276 TestMethodforParticleSizeorScreenAnalysisatNo.4(4.75-mm)SieveandFinerforMetal-BearingOresandRelated
Materials
E 300 Practice for Sampling Industrial Chemicals
E 882 Guide for Accountability and Quality Control in the Chemical Analysis Laboratory
E 1601 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Evaluate the Performance of an Analytical Method
3. Terminology
3.1Definitions:
3.1.1draft, n—in fire assay, the control of air flow through a muffle furnace.
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology E 135.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 The weighed test sample is ignited and fused with fire assay flux in a clay crucible. The lead metal from the fusion is
separated and the precious metals concentrated by oxidation and adsorption of the lead on a cupel, the silver is parted with nitric
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E-1E01 onAnalytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related Materials and is the direct responsibility
of Subcommittee E01.02 on Ores, Concentrates, and Related Metallurgical Materials.
Current edition approved Sept. 15, 1993.Nov. 1, 2008. Published November December 2008. Originally approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as
E 1568 – 03.
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
, Vol 15.01.volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
´1
E1568–93 (1998)E1568–03 (2008)
acid, and the gold is annealed and weighed on a microbalance.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 In the primary metallurgical processes used by the mineral processing industry for gold bearing ores, gold is extracted with
alkaline cyanide solutions and adsorbed onto activated carbon for recovery of the metal. Metallurgical accounting, process control,
and ore evaluation procedures for this type of mineral processing plant depend on accurate, precise, and prompt measurements of
gold concentrations in the activated carbon.
5.2 This test method for gold in activated carbon is intended primarily as a referee method to test such materials for metal
content. It is assumed that those who use these procedures will be trained analysts capable of performing common laboratory
procedures skillfully and safely. It is expected that work will be performed in a properly equipped laboratory and that proper waste
disposal procedures will be followed. Appropriate quality control practices must be followed, such as those described in Guide
E 882.
6. Interferences
6.1 Elements normally found in ore processing activated carbon do not interfere. When present, platinum group metals may be
reported as gold in gravimetric fire assay determinations and must be less than 0.1 mg in the final gold bead.
7. Apparatus
7.1 Analytical Balance, capable of weighing to 0.1 g.
7.2 Assay Mold, 100-mL capacity.
7.3 Cupel, magnesite, 30-g lead capacity.
7.4 Drying Oven, having forced air circulation, with temperature control between 145 °C and 155 °C.
7.5 Fire Clay Crucible, 30-g sample capacity.
7.6 Hot Plate, having variable temperature control, used with ventilation control for acid fumes.
7.7 Jeweler’s Rolls, capable of flattening doré beads.
7.8 Muffle Furnace, having air circulation with draft controls, capable of temperatures to 1100 °C, accurate to 6 10 °C, used
with ventilation controls for lead fumes.
7.9 Semi-Microbalance, capable of weighing to 0.01 mg.
7.10 Roasting Dish, 15-g sample capacity.
8. Reagents
8.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent grade chemicals shall be used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that all
reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Committee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society, where
such specifications are available. Other grades may be used, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficiently high
purity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy of the determination.
8.2 Ammonia Wash Solution, NH OH (1 + 17)—Add100mLammoniumhydroxideto1700mLofH O.
Ammonia Wash Solution, NH 2
—Add 100 mL NH OH to 1700 mL of water.
8.3 Borax—Na B O —Sodium borate powder, with gold content less than 0.001 µg/g.
2 4 7
8.4 Fire Assay Flux Mixture—Mix 575 g of litharge (PbO) with 275 g of soda ash (Na CO ), 75 g of borax (Na B O ), 75 g
2 3 2 4 7
of silica (SiO ), and 30 g of baking flour.
8.5 Lead Foil—99.9 % minimum, with gold content less than 0.001 µg/g.
8.6 Litharge, PbOPbO—Lead oxide powder, with gold content less than 0.001 µg/g.
8.7 Silica, SiO SiO —Silicon dioxide powder, with gold content less than 0.001 µg/g.
2 2
8.8 Silver Foil—99.9 % minimum, with gold content less than 0.001 µg/g.
8.9 Soda Ash, Na CO —Sodium carbonate powder, with gold content less than 0.001 µg/g.
Na 3
8.10 Strong Nitric Acid Parting Solution , HNO (1+2)—Add 330 mL nitric acid to 660 mL of H O. (1 + 2) Parting
Strong HNO 2
Solution—Add 330 mL HNO to 660 mL of water.
8.11 Weak Nitric Acid Parting Solution , HNO (1+4)—Add 200 mL nitric acid to 800 mL H O. (1 + 4) Parting
Weak HNO 2
Solution—Add 200 mL HNO to 800 mL water.
9. Hazards
9.1 Refer to Practices E 50 for precautions to be observed in this test method.
9.2 Use care when handling hot crucibles and operating furnaces in order to avoid personal injury by either burn or electrical
shock.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.05.Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC,
http://www.chemistry.org.ForsuggestionsonthetestingofreagentsnotlistedbytheAmericanChemicalSociety,see Annual Standards for Laboratory C
...
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