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ASTM E2356-04e1

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Comprehensive Building Asbestos Surveys

Standard Practice for Comprehensive Building Asbestos Surveys

SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes procedures for conducting comprehensive surveys of buildings and facilities for the purpose of locating, identifying, quantifying and assessing asbestos-containing materials.
1.2 The results of a Comprehensive Building Asbestos Survey are intended to be used for ongoing management of asbestos-containing materials, including Operations Maintenance, removal and other response actions. This includes response actions associated with renovations. A Comprehensive Building Asbestos Survey is also intended to provide information required for removal of asbestos-containing materials prior to demolition of a building or facility.
1.3 This standard practice discusses two types of surveys: Baseline Surveys and Project Design Surveys.
1.4 This standard practice discusses the following activities for each of the above types of surveys:
1.4.1 Planning the survey to meet defined objectives;
1.4.2 Obtaining and reviewing information on the building or facility including previous surveys and response actions;
1.4.3 Conducting the physical activities of inspecting the premises and collecting bulk samples of suspect materials;
1.4.4 Analyzing the bulk samples for asbestos type and content;
1.4.5 Assessing the Current Condition and Potential for Disturbance of asbestos-containing materials; and
1.4.6 Preparing a report that includes a narrative discussion of the findings, tabulations of inspection, sampling and analysis results, graphical depiction of the areas inspected, and the results of the assessment.
1.5 A Comprehensive Building Asbestos Survey provides sufficient information about the asbestos-containing materials in a building or facility for purposes of a real property transaction. In situations where the amount of information required by a party to the transaction is minimal, a Limited Asbestos Screen may suffice in place of the Comprehensive Building Asbestos Survey.
1.6 This standard practice does not include air sampling or surface (dust) sampling for purposes of evaluating a potential exposure hazard from airborne asbestos fibers.
1.7 Warning-Asbestos fibers are acknowledged carcinogens. Breathing asbestos fibers can result in disease of the lungs including asbestosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma. Precautions in this standard practice should be taken to avoid creating and breathing airborne asbestos particles from materials known or suspected to contain asbestos. See for regulatory requirements addressing asbestos.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Jun-2004
ICS
91.100.40 - Products in fibre-reinforced cement
Technical Committee
D22 - Air Quality
Drafting Committee
D22.07 - Sampling, Analysis, Management of Asbestos, and Other Microscopic Particles
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E2356-04 - Standard Practice for Comprehensive Building Asbestos Surveys
Effective Date
01-Jul-2004
Replaced By
ASTM E2356-09 - Standard Practice for Comprehensive Building Asbestos Surveys
Effective Date
01-Nov-2009
Referred By
ASTM D7886-14(2019)e1 - Standard Practice for Asbestos Exposure Assessments for Repetitive Maintenance and Installation Tasks
Effective Date
01-Jul-2004
Referred By
ASTM E1494-18 - Standard Practice for Testing Physical Properties of Friable Surfacing Materials
Effective Date
01-Jul-2004
Referred By
ASTM E2394-11(2020)e1 - Standard Practice for Maintenance, Renovation, and Repair of Installed Asbestos Cement Products
Effective Date
01-Jul-2004
Referred By
ASTM E1368-23 - Standard Practice for Visual Inspection of Asbestos Abatement Projects
Effective Date
01-Jul-2004
Referred By
ASTM D7390-18e1 - Standard Guide for Evaluating Asbestos in Dust on Surfaces by Comparison Between Two Environments
Effective Date
01-Jul-2004

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ASTM E2356-04e1 - Standard Practice for Comprehensive Building Asbestos Surveys
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
´1
Designation:E2356–04
Standard Practice for
1
Comprehensive Building Asbestos Surveys
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2356; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
´ NOTE—Asbestos warning editorially added in June 2006.
1. Scope 1.6 This standard practice does not include air sampling or
surface (dust) sampling for purposes of evaluating a potential
1.1 This practice describes procedures for conducting com-
exposure hazard from airborne asbestos fibers.
prehensivesurveysofbuildingsandfacilitiesforthepurposeof
1.7 Warning—Asbestos fibers are acknowledged carcino-
locating, identifying, quantifying and assessing asbestos-
gens. Breathing asbestos fibers can result in disease of the
containing materials.
lungs including asbestosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma.
1.2 The results of a Comprehensive Building Asbestos
Precautions in this standard practice should be taken to avoid
Survey are intended to be used for ongoing management of
creating and breathing airborne asbestos particles from mate-
asbestos-containing materials, including Operations & Main-
rials known or suspected to contain asbestos. See 2.2 for
tenance, removal and other response actions. This includes
regulatory requirements addressing asbestos.
response actions associated with renovations. A Comprehen-
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
sive Building Asbestos Survey is also intended to provide
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
information required for removal of asbestos-containing mate-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
rials prior to demolition of a building or facility.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.3 This standard practice discusses two types of surveys:
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Baseline Surveys and Project Design Surveys.
1.4 This standard practice discusses the following activities
2. Referenced Documents
for each of the above types of surveys:
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.4.1 Planning the survey to meet defined objectives;
E631 Terminology of Building Constructions
1.4.2 Obtaining and reviewing information on the building
E736 Test Method for Cohesion/Adhesion of Sprayed Fire-
or facility including previous surveys and response actions;
Resistive Materials Applied to Structural Members
1.4.3 Conducting the physical activities of inspecting the
E1368 Practice for Visual Inspection of Asbestos Abate-
premises and collecting bulk samples of suspect materials;
ment Projects
1.4.4 Analyzing the bulk samples for asbestos type and
E1494 Practice for Encapsulants for Spray- or Trowel-
content;
Applied Friable Asbestos-Containing Building Materials
1.4.5 Assessing the Current Condition and Potential for
MNL-23 Manual on Asbestos Control: Surveys, Removal,
Disturbance of asbestos-containing materials; and
and Management, 2005
1.4.6 Preparing a report that includes a narrative discussion
2.2 Other Documents:
ofthefindings,tabulationsofinspection,samplingandanalysis
EPA 560/5-85-024 Guidance for Controlling Asbestos-
results, graphical depiction of the areas inspected, and the
3
ContainingMaterialsinBuildings.(“PurpleBook”)1985
results of the assessment.
EPA 560/5-85-030A Asbestos in Buildings: Simplified
1.5 A Comprehensive Building Asbestos Survey provides
Sampling Scheme for Surfacing Materials.(“Pink Book”)
sufficient information about the asbestos-containing materials
3
1985
in a building or facility for purposes of a real property
EPA 20T-2003 Managing Asbestos in Place: A Building
transaction. In situations where the amount of information
Owner’s Guide to Operations and Maintenance Programs
required by a party to the transaction is minimal, a Limited
for Asbestos-Containing Materials. (“Green Book”) July,
Asbestos Screen may suffice in place of the Comprehensive
3
1990
Building Asbestos Survey.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Perfor- contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
mance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.24 on Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Building Preservation and Rehabilitation Technology. the ASTM website.
3
Current edition approved July 1, 2004. Published July 2004. DOI: 10.1520/ AvailablefromU.S.GovernmentPrintingOfficeSuperintendentofDocuments,
E2356-04E01. 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401.
Copyright © ASTM Internatio
...

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ASTM E2394-11(2020)e1(Practice)
Standard Practice for Maintenance, Renovation, and Repair of Installed Asbestos Cement Products

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The inhalation of airborne asbestos fibers has been shown to cause asbestosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma.  
5.1.1 The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency reports that “Effects on the lung are a major health concern from asbestos, as chronic (long-term) exposure to asbestos in humans via inhalation can result in a lung disease termed asbestosis. Asbestosis is characterized by shortness of breath and cough and may lead to severe impairment of respiratory function. Cancer is also a major concern from asbestos exposure, as inhalation exposure can cause lung cancer and mesothelioma (a rare cancer of the thin membranes lining the abdominal cavity and surrounding internal organs), and possibly gastrointestinal cancers in humans. EPA has classified asbestos as a Group A, known human carcinogen” (1).4  
5.1.2 The World Health Organization states: “Exposure to asbestos occurs through inhalation of fibres primarily from contaminated air in the working environment, as well as from ambient air in the vicinity of point sources, or indoor air in housing and buildings containing friable asbestos materials. The highest levels of exposure occur during repackaging of asbestos containers, mixing with other raw materials and dry cutting of asbestos-containing products with abrasive tools” (2).  
5.1.3 The World Bank states: “Health hazards from breathing asbestos dust include asbestosis, a lung scarring disease, and various forms of cancer (including lung cancer and mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum). These diseases usually arise decades after the onset of asbestos exposure. Mesothelioma, a signal tumor for asbestos exposure, occurs among workers’ family members from dust on the workers’ clothes and among neighbors of asbestos air pollution point sources” (3).  
5.2 Extensive litigation has occurred worldwide as a result of the health effects of asbestos over the past century, resulting in considerable economic consequences. The regulatory response to asbestos haza...
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1.1 This practice describes work practices for asbestos-cement products when maintenance, renovation, and repair are required. This includes common tasks such as drilling and cutting holes in roofing, siding, pipes, etc. that can result in exposure to asbestos fibers if not done carefully. These work practices are supplemented and facilitated by the regulatory, contractual, training, and supervisory provisions of this practice.  
1.2 Materials covered include those installed in or on buildings and facilities and those used in external infrastructure such as water, wastewater, and electrical distribution systems. Also included is pavement made from asbestos-cement manufacturing waste.  
1.3 The work practices described herein are intended for use only with asbestos-cement products already installed in buildings, facilities, and external infrastructure. They are not intended for use in construction or renovation involving the installation of new asbestos-cement products.  
1.4 The work practices are primarily intended to be used in situations where small amounts of asbestos-cement products must be removed or disturbed in order to perform maintenance, renovation, or repair necessary for operation of the building, facility, or infrastructure.  
1.5 The work practices described herein are also applicable for use where the primary objective is the removal of asbestos-cement products from the building or other location, particularly the use of wet methods and other means of dust and fiber control.  
1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.7 Warning—Asbestos fibers are acknowledged carcinogens. Breathing asbestos fibers can result in disease of the lungs including asbestosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma. Precautions in this practice should b...

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ASTM E2356-18(Practice)
Standard Practice for Comprehensive Building Asbestos Surveys

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Management of asbestos-containing materials in buildings and facilities requires knowledge of the location, type, quantity, and condition of the material. The more complete and accurate the information available, the more appropriate and cost-effective are the control measures used to reduce possible exposure to airborne asbestos fibers. This is true whether the asbestos-containing materials remain undisturbed and completely intact, are selectively removed for maintenance or prior to renovation, or are removed to the greatest extent feasible before demolishing the building or facility.  
4.2 This practice describes three types of surveys that support different objectives. These are the Baseline Survey, the Project Design Survey, and the Pre-Construction Survey.  
4.2.1 The Baseline Survey is a building-wide or facility-wide inspection that provides a general sense of the overall location, type, quantity, and condition of asbestos-containing materials present. It is thorough in that most accessible functional spaces are inspected and bulk samples taken of suspect materials observed. The baseline survey provides information for long-term management of asbestos-containing materials and prioritization of response actions. The presence of asbestos in suspect materials may be assumed or presumed in some cases without bulk samples being taken or analyzed. However, the baseline survey is unobtrusive in that samples are not taken where doing so would result in objectionable damage to surfaces or where institutional barriers preclude access. In a baseline survey, destructive testing is avoided. Posting of signs and labels required for compliance with OSHA regulations would use the information generated during a Baseline Survey.
Note 1: A Baseline Survey is sometimes called an “AHERA” survey because it provides the type of information used for management of asbestos-containing materials in schools. However, the baseline survey described in this practice requires inspec...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes procedures for conducting comprehensive surveys of buildings and facilities for the purpose of locating, identifying, quantifying, and assessing asbestos-containing materials.  
1.2 The results of a Comprehensive Building Asbestos Survey are intended to be used for ongoing management of asbestos-containing materials, including Operations and Maintenance (O&M), removal, and other response actions. This includes response actions associated with renovations. A Comprehensive Building Asbestos Survey is also intended to provide information required for removal of asbestos-containing materials prior to demolition of a building or facility.  
1.3 This practice discusses three types of surveys: Baseline Surveys, Project Design Surveys, and Pre-Construction Surveys.  
1.4 This practice discusses the following activities for each of the above types of surveys:  
1.4.1 Planning the survey to meet defined objectives;  
1.4.2 Obtaining and reviewing information on the building or facility including previous surveys and response actions;  
1.4.3 Conducting the physical activities of inspecting the premises and collecting bulk samples of suspect materials;  
1.4.4 Analyzing the bulk samples for asbestos type and content;  
1.4.5 Assessing the Current Condition and Potential for Disturbance of asbestos-containing materials; and  
1.4.6 Preparing a report that includes a narrative discussion of the findings, tabulations of inspection, sampling and analysis results, graphical depiction of the areas inspected, and the results of the assessment.  
1.5 This practice does not include air sampling or surface (dust) sampling for purposes of evaluating a potential exposure hazard from airborne asbestos fibers. The reader may find assistance with exposure assessment determination by reviewing Practice D7886.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The purpose of this practice is to provide test methods and performance criteria involving encapsulants for surfacing material on an asbestos abatement project in accordance with Practice E1368, including the application of encapsulants to the surfacing material as an abatement measure and the removal of existing encapsulated surfacing material.  
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4.4 The test methods described in this practice are designed to (1) determine the depth of penetration, or lack thereof, of the encapsulant into the matrix of the surfacing material, (2) determine the coverage of the encapsulant on the surfacing material, and (3) to determine the adhesive and cohesive properties of the encapsulated surfacing material.  
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1.1 This practice covers encapsulants intended to reduce or eliminate the release of asbestos fibers from a matrix of friable spray- or trowel-applied asbestos-containing surfacing material.  
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1.3 This practice is to be used to determine the appropriateness of encapsulation as an abatement measure in accordance with Practice E1368, as part of a Project Design Survey in accordance with Practice E2356, and to demonstrate completeness of abatement in accordance with Practice E1368. Performance of the encapsulated surfacing material for other purposes is not within the scope of this practice. Use Test Methods E84, E119, and E605 to determine other properties of the material.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
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1.1 This specification covers minimum requirements for alkali resistant (AR) glass fibers intended for use in glass fiber-reinforced concrete (GFRC) by spray-up, glass fiber-reinforced concrete premix, fiber-reinforced concrete, and other cementitious based products.  
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1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
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Standard Test Method for Evaluating Plastic Shrinkage Cracking of Restrained Fiber Reinforced Concrete (Using a Steel Form Insert)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The test method is intended to evaluate the effects of evaporation, settlement, and early autogenous shrinkage on the plastic shrinkage cracking performance of fiber reinforced concrete up to and for some hours beyond the time of final setting (see Terminology C125).  
5.2 The measured values obtained from this test may be used to compare the performance of concretes with different mixture proportions, concretes with and without fibers, concretes containing various amounts of different types of fibers, and concretes containing various amounts and types of admixtures. For meaningful comparisons, the evaporative conditions during test shall be sufficient to produce an average crack width of at least 0.5 mm in the control specimens (2, 3) (see Note 2). In addition, the evaporation rate from a free surface of water shall be within ± 5 % for each test.
Note 2: To achieve evaporation rates that result in a crack of at least 0.5 mm in the control specimens, it may be necessary to use an evaporation rate higher than that discussed in Note 1.  
5.3 This method attempts to control atmospheric variables to quantify the relative performance of a given fresh concrete mixture. Since many other variables such as cement fineness, aggregate gradation, aggregate volume, mixing procedures, slump, air content, concrete temperature and surface finish can also influence potential cracking, attention shall be paid to keep these as consistent as possible from mixture to mixture.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method compares the surface cracking of fiber reinforced concrete panels with the surface cracking of control concrete panels subjected to prescribed conditions of restraint and moisture loss that are severe enough to produce cracking before final setting of the concrete.  
1.2 This test method can be used to compare the plastic shrinkage cracking behavior of different concrete mixtures containing fiber reinforcement.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Warning—fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2)  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composite Bars

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to produce longitudinal tensile strength and elongation data. From a tension test, a variety of data are acquired that are needed for design purposes. Test factors relevant to the measured tensile response of bars include specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, and speed of testing. Properties, in the test direction, that may be obtained from this test method include:  
5.1.1 Maximum tensile force,  
5.1.2 Ultimate tensile strength,  
5.1.3 Ultimate tensile strain,  
5.1.4 Tensile chord modulus of elasticity, and  
5.1.5 Stress-strain curve.
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1.1 This test method determines the quasi-static longitudinal tensile strength and elongation properties of fiber reinforced polymer matrix (FRP) composite bars commonly used as tensile elements in reinforced, prestressed, or post-tensioned concrete.
Note 1: Additional procedures for determining tensile properties of polymer matrix composites may be found in Test Methods D3039/D3039M and D3916.  
1.2 Linear elements used for reinforcing Portland cement concrete are referred to as bars, rebar, rods, or tendons, depending on the specific application. This test method is applicable to all such reinforcements within the limitations noted in the method. The test articles are referred to as bars in this test method. In general, bars have solid cross-sections and a regular pattern of surface undulations or a coating of bonded particles, or both, that promote mechanical interlock between the bar and concrete. The test method is also appropriate for use with linear segments cut from a grid. Specific details for preparing and testing of bars and grids are provided. In some cases, anchors may be necessary to prevent grip-induced damage to the ends of the bar or grid. Suggestions for a grouted type of anchor are provided in Appendix X1.  
1.3 The strength values provided by this method are short-term static strengths that do not account for sustained static or fatigue loading. Additional material characterization may be required, especially for bars that are to be used under high levels of sustained or repeated loading.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D7522/D7522M-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Pull-Off Strength for FRP Laminate Systems Bonded to Concrete or Masonry Substrates

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The pull-off strength of a bonded FRP system is an important performance property that has been used in specifications, particularly those for assessing the quality of an application. This test method serves as a means for uniformly preparing and testing bonded FRP systems, and evaluating and reporting the results.  
5.2 Variations in results obtained using different devices are possible. Therefore, it is recommended that the type of adhesion test device (including manufacturer and model) be mutually agreed upon between the interested parties.  
5.3 This test method is intended for use in both the field and the laboratory.  
5.4 The basic material properties obtained from this test method can be used in the control of the quality of adhesives and in the theoretical equations for designing FRP systems for external reinforcement to strengthen existing structures.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the apparatus and procedure for evaluating the pull-off strength of wet lay-up or pultruded (shop-fabricated) Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) laminate systems adhesively bonded to a flat concrete substrate. The test determines the greatest perpendicular force (in tension) that an FRP system can bear before a plug of material is detached. Failure will occur along the weakest plane within the system comprised of the test fixture, FRP laminate, adhesive, and substrate.  
1.2 This test method is primarily used for quality control and assessment of field repairs of structures using adhesive-applied composite materials.  
1.3 This test method is appropriate for use with FRP systems having any fiber orientation or combination of ply orientations comprising the FRP laminate.  
1.4 This test method is appropriate for use with flat concrete, concrete masonry, clay masonry, and stone masonry substrates.  
1.5 This test method is not appropriate for use as an “acceptance” or “proof” wherein the FRP system remaining intact at a prescribed force is an acceptable result.  
1.6 Pull-off strength measurements depend upon both material and instrumental parameters. Different adhesion test devices and procedures will give different results and cannot be directly compared.  
1.7 This test method can be destructive. Spot repairs may be necessary. The test method will result in an exposed cut FRP section; repair methods must consider the potential for moisture uptake through this cut section.  
1.8 Prior to the installation of some adhesively bonded FRP systems, the substrate must be patched. This test method is not appropriate for determining the pull-off strength of the FRP from the patch material. An additional test method is required to determine the pull-off strength of the patch from the substrate.  
1.9 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM C1550-20(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Flexural Toughness of Fiber Reinforced Concrete (Using Centrally Loaded Round Panel)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The post-crack behavior of plate-like, fiber-reinforced concrete structural members is well represented by a centrally loaded round panel test specimen that is simply supported on three pivots symmetrically arranged around its circumference. Such a test panel experiences bi-axial bending in response to a central point load and exhibits a mode of failure related to the in situ behavior of structures. The post-crack performance of round panels subject to a central point load can be represented by the energy absorbed by the panel up to a specified central deflection. In this test method, the energy absorbed up to a specified central deflection is taken to represent the ability of a fiber-reinforced concrete to redistribute stress following cracking.
Note 1: The use of three pivoted point supports in the test configuration results in determinate out-of-plane reactions prior to cracking, however the support reactions are indeterminate after cracking due to the unknown distribution of flexural resistance along each crack. There is also a change in the load resistance mechanism in the specimen as the test proceeds, starting with predominantly flexural resistance and progressing to tensile membrane action around the center as the imposed deflection is increased. The energy absorbed up to a specified central deflection is related to the toughness of the material but is specific to this specimen configuration because it is also determined by the support conditions and size of the specimen. Selection of the most appropriate central deflection to specify depends on the intended application for the material. The energy absorbed up to 5 mm central deflection is applicable to situations in which the material is required to hold cracks tightly closed at low levels of deformation. Examples include final linings in underground civil structures such as railway tunnels that may be required to remain water-tight. The energy absorbed up to 40 mm is more applicable to situations in ...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of flexural toughness of fiber-reinforced concrete expressed as energy absorption in the post-crack range using a round panel supported on three symmetrically arranged pivots and subjected to a central point load. The performance of specimens tested by this method is quantified in terms of the energy absorbed between the onset of loading and selected values of central deflection.  
1.2 This test method provides for the scaling of results whenever specimens do not comply with the target thickness and diameter, as long as dimensions do not fall outside of given limits.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2394-11(2020)e1(Practice)
Standard Practice for Maintenance, Renovation, and Repair of Installed Asbestos Cement Products

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The inhalation of airborne asbestos fibers has been shown to cause asbestosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma.  
5.1.1 The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency reports that “Effects on the lung are a major health concern from asbestos, as chronic (long-term) exposure to asbestos in humans via inhalation can result in a lung disease termed asbestosis. Asbestosis is characterized by shortness of breath and cough and may lead to severe impairment of respiratory function. Cancer is also a major concern from asbestos exposure, as inhalation exposure can cause lung cancer and mesothelioma (a rare cancer of the thin membranes lining the abdominal cavity and surrounding internal organs), and possibly gastrointestinal cancers in humans. EPA has classified asbestos as a Group A, known human carcinogen” (1).4  
5.1.2 The World Health Organization states: “Exposure to asbestos occurs through inhalation of fibres primarily from contaminated air in the working environment, as well as from ambient air in the vicinity of point sources, or indoor air in housing and buildings containing friable asbestos materials. The highest levels of exposure occur during repackaging of asbestos containers, mixing with other raw materials and dry cutting of asbestos-containing products with abrasive tools” (2).  
5.1.3 The World Bank states: “Health hazards from breathing asbestos dust include asbestosis, a lung scarring disease, and various forms of cancer (including lung cancer and mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum). These diseases usually arise decades after the onset of asbestos exposure. Mesothelioma, a signal tumor for asbestos exposure, occurs among workers’ family members from dust on the workers’ clothes and among neighbors of asbestos air pollution point sources” (3).  
5.2 Extensive litigation has occurred worldwide as a result of the health effects of asbestos over the past century, resulting in considerable economic consequences. The regulatory response to asbestos haza...
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1.1 This practice describes work practices for asbestos-cement products when maintenance, renovation, and repair are required. This includes common tasks such as drilling and cutting holes in roofing, siding, pipes, etc. that can result in exposure to asbestos fibers if not done carefully. These work practices are supplemented and facilitated by the regulatory, contractual, training, and supervisory provisions of this practice.  
1.2 Materials covered include those installed in or on buildings and facilities and those used in external infrastructure such as water, wastewater, and electrical distribution systems. Also included is pavement made from asbestos-cement manufacturing waste.  
1.3 The work practices described herein are intended for use only with asbestos-cement products already installed in buildings, facilities, and external infrastructure. They are not intended for use in construction or renovation involving the installation of new asbestos-cement products.  
1.4 The work practices are primarily intended to be used in situations where small amounts of asbestos-cement products must be removed or disturbed in order to perform maintenance, renovation, or repair necessary for operation of the building, facility, or infrastructure.  
1.5 The work practices described herein are also applicable for use where the primary objective is the removal of asbestos-cement products from the building or other location, particularly the use of wet methods and other means of dust and fiber control.  
1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.7 Warning—Asbestos fibers are acknowledged carcinogens. Breathing asbestos fibers can result in disease of the lungs including asbestosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma. Precautions in this practice should b...

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ASTM
ASTM C1609/C1609M-19a(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Flexural Performance of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (Using Beam With Third-Point Loading)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The first-peak strength characterizes the flexural behavior of the fiber-reinforced concrete up to the onset of cracking, while residual strengths at specified deflections characterize the residual capacity after cracking. Specimen toughness is a measure of the energy absorption capacity of the test specimen. The appropriateness of each parameter depends on the nature of the proposed application and the level of acceptable cracking and deflection serviceability. Fiber-reinforced concrete is influenced in different ways by the amount and type of fibers in the concrete. In some cases, fibers may increase the residual load and toughness capacity at specified deflections while producing a first-peak strength equal to or only slightly greater than the flexural strength of the concrete without fibers. In other cases, fibers may significantly increase the first-peak and peak strengths while affecting a relatively small increase in residual load capacity and specimen toughness at specified deflections.  
5.2 The first-peak strength, peak strength, and residual strengths determined by this test method reflect the behavior of fiber-reinforced concrete under static flexural loading. The absolute values of energy absorption obtained in this test are of little direct relevance to the performance of fiber-reinforced concrete structures since they depend directly on the size and shape of the specimen and the loading arrangement.  
5.3 The results of this test method may be used for comparing the performance of various fiber-reinforced concrete mixtures or in research and development work. They may also be used to monitor concrete quality, to verify compliance with construction specifications, obtain flexural strength data on fiber-reinforced concrete members subject to pure bending, or to evaluate the quality of concrete in service.  
5.4 The results of this standard test method are dependent on the size of the specimen.
Note 5: The results obtained using one size molded ...
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1.1 This test method evaluates the flexural performance of fiber-reinforced concrete using parameters derived from the load-deflection curve obtained by testing a simply supported beam under third-point loading using a closed-loop, servo-controlled testing system.  
1.2 This test method provides for the determination of first-peak and peak loads and the corresponding stresses calculated by inserting them in the formula for modulus of rupture given in Eq 1. It also requires determination of residual loads at specified deflections, the corresponding residual strengths calculated by inserting them in the formula for modulus of rupture given in Eq 1 (see Note 1). It provides for determination of specimen toughness based on the area under the load-deflection curve up to a prescribed deflection (see Note 2) and the corresponding equivalent flexural strength ratio.
Note 1: Residual strength is not a true stress but an engineering stress computed using simple engineering bending theory for linear elastic materials and gross (uncracked) section properties.
Note 2: Specimen toughness expressed in terms of the area under the load-deflection curve is an indication of the energy absorption capability of the particular test specimen, and its magnitude depends directly on the geometry of the test specimen and the loading configuration.  
1.3 This test method utilizes two preferred specimen sizes of 100 by 100 by 350 mm [4 by 4 by 14 in.] tested on a 300 mm [12 in.] span, or 150 by 150 by 500 mm [6 by 6 by 20 in.] tested on a 450 mm [18 in.] span. A specimen size different from the two preferred specimen sizes is permissible.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance w...

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