ASTM D4463/D4463M-19
(Guide)Standard Guide for Metals Free Steam Deactivation of Fresh Fluid Cracking Catalysts
Standard Guide for Metals Free Steam Deactivation of Fresh Fluid Cracking Catalysts
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 In general, steam treatment of FCC catalyst can be used either to compare a series of cracking catalysts at a simulated equilibrium condition or conditions, or to simulate the equilibrium condition of a specific cracking unit and a specific catalyst. This guide gives an example for the first purpose and an approach for the latter purpose.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the deactivation of fresh fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst by hydrothermal treatment prior to the determination of the catalytic cracking activity in the microactivity test (MAT) or the Advanced Cracking Evaluation (ACE) test.
1.2 The hydrothermal treatment of fresh FCC catalyst, prior to the MAT or the ACE test, is important because the catalytic activity of the catalyst in its fresh state is an inadequate measure of its true commercial performance. During operation in a commercial cracking unit, the catalyst is deactivated by thermal, hydrothermal, and chemical degradation. Therefore, to maintain catalytic activity, fresh catalyst is added (semi) continuously to the cracking unit, to replace catalyst lost through the stack or by withdrawal, or both. Under steady state conditions, the catalyst inventory of the unit is called equilibrium catalyst. This catalyst has an activity level substantially below that of fresh catalyst. Therefore, artificially deactivating a fresh catalyst prior to determination of its cracking activity should provide more meaningful catalyst performance data.
1.3 Due to the large variations in properties among fresh FCC catalyst types as well as between commercial cracking unit designs or operating conditions, or both, no single set of steam deactivation conditions is adequate to artificially simulate the equilibrium catalyst for all purposes.
1.3.1 In addition, there are many other factors that will influence the properties and performance of the equilibrium catalyst. These include, but are not limited to: deposition of heavy metals such as Ni, V, and Cu; deposition of light metals such as Na; and contamination from attrited refractory linings of vessel walls. Furthermore, commercially derived equilibrium catalyst represents a distribution of catalysts of different ages (from fresh to >300 days). Despite these apparent problems, it is possible to obtain reasonably close agreement between the performances of steam deactivated and equilibrium catalysts. It is also recognized that it is possible to steam deactivate a catalyst so that its properties and performance poorly represent the equilibrium. It is therefore recommended that when assessing the performance of different catalyst types, a common steaming condition be used. Catalyst deactivation by metals deposition is not addressed in this guide, but is addressed in Guide D7206/D7206M.
1.4 This guide offers two approaches to steam deactivate fresh catalysts. The first part provides specific sets of conditions (time, temperature, and steam pressure) that can be used as general pre-treatments prior to comparison of fresh FCC catalyst MAT activities (Test Method D3907) or activities plus selectivities (Test Methods D5154 and D7964).
1.4.1 The second part provides guidance on how to pretreat catalysts to simulate their deactivation in a specific FCCU and suggests catalyst properties which can be used to judge adequacy of the simulation. This technique is especially useful when examining how different types of catalyst may perform in a specific FCCU, provided no other changes (catalyst addition rate, regenerator temperature, contaminant metals levels, etc.) occur. This approach covers catalyst physical properties that can be used as monitors to indicate the closeness to equilibrium catalyst properties.
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each s...
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D4463/D4463M − 19
Standard Guide for
Metals Free Steam Deactivation of Fresh Fluid Cracking
1
Catalysts
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4463/D4463M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope rium catalysts. It is also recognized that it is possible to steam
deactivate a catalyst so that its properties and performance
1.1 This guide covers the deactivation of fresh fluid cata-
poorly represent the equilibrium. It is therefore recommended
lytic cracking (FCC) catalyst by hydrothermal treatment prior
thatwhenassessingtheperformanceofdifferentcatalysttypes,
to the determination of the catalytic cracking activity in the
a common steaming condition be used. Catalyst deactivation
microactivitytest(MAT)ortheAdvancedCrackingEvaluation
by metals deposition is not addressed in this guide, but is
(ACE) test.
addressed in Guide D7206/D7206M.
1.2 The hydrothermal treatment of fresh FCC catalyst, prior
1.4 This guide offers two approaches to steam deactivate
to the MAT or theACE test, is important because the catalytic
fresh catalysts. The first part provides specific sets of condi-
activity of the catalyst in its fresh state is an inadequate
tions (time, temperature, and steam pressure) that can be used
measure of its true commercial performance. During operation
as general pre-treatments prior to comparison of fresh FCC
in a commercial cracking unit, the catalyst is deactivated by
catalyst MAT activities (Test Method D3907) or activities plus
thermal, hydrothermal, and chemical degradation. Therefore,
selectivities (Test Methods D5154 and D7964).
to maintain catalytic activity, fresh catalyst is added (semi)
1.4.1 The second part provides guidance on how to pretreat
continuously to the cracking unit, to replace catalyst lost
catalysts to simulate their deactivation in a specific FCCU and
through the stack or by withdrawal, or both. Under steady state
suggests catalyst properties which can be used to judge
conditions, the catalyst inventory of the unit is called equilib-
adequacy of the simulation. This technique is especially useful
rium catalyst. This catalyst has an activity level substantially
whenexamininghowdifferenttypesofcatalystmayperformin
below that of fresh catalyst. Therefore, artificially deactivating
a specific FCCU, provided no other changes (catalyst addition
a fresh catalyst prior to determination of its cracking activity
rate, regenerator temperature, contaminant metals levels, etc.)
should provide more meaningful catalyst performance data.
occur. This approach covers catalyst physical properties that
1.3 Due to the large variations in properties among fresh
canbeusedasmonitorstoindicatetheclosenesstoequilibrium
FCC catalyst types as well as between commercial cracking
catalyst properties.
unit designs or operating conditions, or both, no single set of
steam deactivation conditions is adequate to artificially simu- 1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
late the equilibrium catalyst for all purposes. are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
1.3.1 In addition, there are many other factors that will each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to
influence the properties and performance of the equilibrium ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be
catalyst. These include, but are not limited to: deposition of used independently of the other, and values from the two
heavy metals such as Ni, V, and Cu; deposition of light metals systems shall not be combined.
such as Na; and contamination from attrited refractory linings
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
of vessel walls. Furthermore, commercially derived equilib-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
rium catalyst represents a distribution of catalysts of different
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
ages (from fresh to >300 days). Despite these apparent
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
problems, it is possible to obtain reasonably close agreement
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
between the performances of steam deactivated and equilib-
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D32 on Catalysts and
ization establishe
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: D4463/D4463M − 96 (Reapproved 2013) D4463/D4463M − 19
Standard Guide for
Metals Free Steam Deactivation of Fresh Fluid Cracking
1
Catalysts
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4463/D4463M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
ε NOTE—Editorially changed 1.3.1 and 2.1 in March 2013.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide covers the deactivation of fresh fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst by hydrothermal treatment prior to the
determination of the catalytic cracking activity in the microactivity test (MAT).(MAT) or the Advanced Cracking Evaluation (ACE)
test.
1.2 The hydrothermal treatment of fresh FCC catalyst, prior to the MAT, MAT or the ACE test, is important because the catalytic
activity of the catalyst in its fresh state is an inadequate measure of its true commercial performance. During operation in a
commercial cracking unit, the catalyst is deactivated by thermal, hydrothermal, and chemical degradation. Therefore, to maintain
catalytic activity, fresh catalyst is added (semi) continuously to the cracking unit, to replace catalyst lost through the stack or by
withdrawal, or both. Under steady state conditions, the catalyst inventory of the unit is called equilibrium catalyst. This catalyst
has an activity level substantially below that of fresh catalyst. Therefore, artificially deactivating a fresh catalyst prior to
determination of its cracking activity should provide more meaningful catalyst performance data.
1.3 Due to the large variations in properties among fresh FCC catalyst types as well as between commercial cracking unit
designs or operating conditions, or both, no single set of steam deactivation conditions is adequate to artificially simulate the
equilibrium catalyst for all purposes.
1.3.1 In addition, there are many other factors that will influence the properties and performance of the equilibrium catalyst.
These include, but are not limited to: deposition of heavy metals such as Ni, V, and Cu; deposition of light metals such as Na; and
contamination from attrited refractory linings of vessel walls. Furthermore, commercially derived equilibrium catalyst represents
a distribution of catalysts of different ages (from fresh to >300 days). Despite these apparent problems, it is possible to obtain
reasonably close agreement between the performances of steam deactivated and equilibrium catalysts. It is also recognized that it
is possible to steam deactivate a catalyst so that its properties and performance poorly represent the equilibrium. It is therefore
recommended that when assessing the performance of different catalyst types, a common steaming condition be used. Catalyst
deactivation by metals deposition is not addressed in this guide, but is addressed in Guide D7206/D7206M.
1.4 This guide offers two approaches to steam deactivate fresh catalysts. The first part provides specific sets of conditions (time,
temperature, and steam pressure) that can be used as general pre-treatments prior to comparison of fresh FCC catalyst MAT
activities (Test Method D3907) or activities plus selectivities (Test MethodMethods D5154 and D7964).
1.4.1 The second part provides guidance on how to pretreat catalysts to simulate their deactivation in a specific FCCU and
suggests catalyst properties which can be used to judge adequacy of the simulation. This technique is especially useful when
examining how different types of catalyst may perform in a specific FCCU, provided no other changes (catalyst addition rate,
regenerator temperature, contaminant metals levels, etc.) occur. This approach covers catalyst physical properties that can be used
as monitors to indicate the closeness to equilibrium catalyst properties.
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system mayare not benecessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used
independently of the other. Combiningother, and values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the
standard.shall not be combined.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safet
...
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