ASTM D7854-16

Standard Test Method for Carbon Black-Void Volume at Mean Pressure

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The void volume of a carbon black expressed as a function of geometric mean pressure, VVGM, is a carbon black structure property. Structure is a generic term that is a function of the shape irregularity and deviation from sphericity of carbon black aggregates. The greater a carbon black resists compression by having substantial aggregate irregularity and non-sphericity, the greater the compressed volume and void volume. Also, the more that a carbon black resists compression, the greater the energy required to compress the sample per unit void volume.  
5.2 Structure is a property that strongly influences the physical properties developed in carbon black-elastomer compounds for use in tires, mechanical rubber goods, and other manufactured rubber products. Structure measurements by OAN (Test Method D2414) and COAN (Test Method D3493), are based on oil absorption.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure to measure a carbon black structure property known as Void Volume at mean pressure. Compressed void volumes are obtained by measuring the compressed volume of a weighed sample in a cylindrical chamber as a function of pressure exerted by a movable piston. A profile of void volume as a function of pressure provides a means to assess carbon black structure at varying levels of density and aggregate reduction.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-Dec-2015
• ICS: 71.060.10 - Chemical elements
• Technical Committee: D24 - Carbon Black
• Drafting Committee: D24.11 - Carbon Black Structure

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM D7854-15 - Standard Test Method for Carbon Black-Void Volume at Mean Pressure
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2016
• Replaced By: ASTM D7854-18 - Standard Test Method for Carbon Black-Void Volume at Mean Pressure
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2018
• Referred By: ASTM D1765-23a - Standard Classification System for Carbon Blacks Used in Rubber Products
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2016
• Referred By: ASTM D3053-23 - Standard Terminology Relating to Carbon Black
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2016
• Referred By: ASTM D4821-20 - Standard Guide for Carbon Black—Validation of Test Method Precision and Bias
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2016
• Referred By: ASTM D7849-23 - Standard Classification for Nomenclature of Reference Materials of Committee D24
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2016
• Referred By: ASTM D5817-20 - Standard Practice for Carbon Black, Pelleted—Reduction, Blending, and Drying of Gross Samples for Testing
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2016

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D7854 − 16
Standard Test Method for
1
Carbon Black-Void Volume at Mean Pressure
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7854; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
3.1 Refer to Sections 4 and 9 for a more complete under-
1.1 Thistestmethodcoversaproceduretomeasureacarbon
standing of the use of these terms in this test method.
black structure property known as Void Volume at mean
pressure. Compressed void volumes are obtained by measuring 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
the compressed volume of a weighed sample in a cylindrical 3.2.1 applied pressure, n—the pressure exerted on a sample
chamber as a function of pressure exerted by a movable piston. mass by a movable piston in a cylindrical chamber, where the
A profile of void volume as a function of pressure provides a load cell or force measuring system is in contact with the
movable piston.
means to assess carbon black structure at varying levels of
density and aggregate reduction.
3.2.2 compressed volume (carbon black), n—the apparent
volume that a specified mass of carbon black occupies when it
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
is contained in a specified cylindrical chamber and subjected to
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
a single uniaxial compression at a specified pressure by means
standard.
of a movable piston.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2.3 geometric mean pressure, n—the geometric mean of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
the applied and transmitted pressures at a specific void volume;
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
the geometric mean pressure is defined in Eq 1:
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
0.5
Geometric Mean P 5 P 3 P (1)
~ !
GM a t
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.2.4 theoretical volume (carbon black), n—the volume that
a specific mass of carbon black would occupy if there were no
2. Referenced Documents
void space within the carbon black, and is given by the ratio of
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
mass to skeletal density, where the skeletal density is deter-
D1799 Practice for Carbon Black—Sampling Packaged
mined by an accepted test method.
Shipments
3.2.5 transmitted pressure, n—the resulting pressure trans-
D1900 Practice for Carbon Black—Sampling Bulk Ship-
mitted through a sample in a cylindrical chamber, where the
ments
load cell or force measuring system is in contact with the
D2414 Test Method for Carbon Black—Oil Absorption
sample opposite the movable piston, typically via a stationary
Number (OAN)
second piston.
D3493 Test Method for Carbon Black—Oil Absorption
3.2.6 void volume (carbon black), n—a measure of the
Number of Compressed Sample (COAN)
intra-aggregate void space or occluded volume within the
D4483 Practice for Evaluating Precision for Test Method
primary structure of carbon black, characterized by the irregu-
Standards in the Rubber and Carbon Black Manufacturing
larity and non-sphericity of carbon black aggregate particles,
Industries
and expressed as the difference (compressed volume minus
theoretical volume) as a function of specified uniaxial com-
pression pressure, and normalized to 100 g mass.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D24 on Carbon
3.2.6.1 Discussion—Carbon blacks resist packing,
Black and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D24.11 on Carbon Black
compression, and fracture due to aggregate irregularities and
Structure.
entanglements, size distribution, and aggregate strength result-
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2016. Published February 2016. Originally
ing from particle to-particle necks within aggregate branches.
approved in 2013. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D7854 – 15. DOI:
10.1520/D7854-16.
Compressed void volume is also affected by reacting forces to
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
the cylinder wall and the piston tip, which in turn depend on
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
factors including sample shape (that is, the ratio of sample
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. height to cylinder diameter) or interfacial area, which can
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

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D7854 − 16
influence the uniformity of the compaction
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D7854 − 15 D7854 − 16
Standard Test Method for
1
Carbon Black-Void Volume at Mean Pressure
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7854; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers a procedure to measure a carbon black structure property known as Void Volume at mean pressure.
Compressed void volumes are obtained by measuring the compressed volume of a weighed sample in a cylindrical chamber as a
function of pressure exerted by a movable piston. A profile of void volume as a function of pressure provides a means to assess
carbon black structure at varying levels of density and aggregate reduction.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1799 Practice for Carbon Black—Sampling Packaged Shipments
D1900 Practice for Carbon Black—Sampling Bulk Shipments
D2414 Test Method for Carbon Black—Oil Absorption Number (OAN)
D3493 Test Method for Carbon Black—Oil Absorption Number of Compressed Sample (COAN)
D4483 Practice for Evaluating Precision for Test Method Standards in the Rubber and Carbon Black Manufacturing Industries
D4821 Guide for Carbon Black—Validation of Test Method Precision and Bias
3
D6086 Test Method for Carbon Black—Void Volume (VV) (Withdrawn 2015)
3. Terminology
3.1 Refer to Sections 4 and 9 for a more complete understanding of the use of these terms in this test method.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 applied pressure, n—the pressure exerted on a sample mass by a movable piston in a cylindrical chamber, where the load
cell or force measuring system is in contact with the movable piston.
3.2.2 compressed volume (carbon black), n—the apparent volume that a specified mass of carbon black occupies when it is
contained in a specified cylindrical chamber and subjected to a single uniaxial compression at a specified pressure by means of
a movable piston.
3.2.3 geometric mean pressure, n—the geometric mean of the applied and transmitted pressures at a specific void volume; the
geometric mean pressure is defined in Eq 1:
0.5
Geometric Mean P 5 P 3 P (1)
~ !
GM a t
3.2.4 theoretical volume (carbon black), n—the volume that a specific mass of carbon black would occupy if there were no void
space within the carbon black, and is given by the ratio of mass to skeletal density, where the skeletal density is determined by
an accepted test method.
3.2.5 transmitted pressure, n—the resulting pressure transmitted through a sample in a cylindrical chamber, where the load cell
or force measuring system is in contact with the sample opposite the movable piston, typically via a stationary second piston.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D24 on Carbon Black and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D24.11 on Carbon Black Structure.
Current edition approved June 1, 2015Jan. 1, 2016. Published September 2015February 2016. Originally approved in 2013. Last previous edition approved in 20132015
as D7854 – 13.D7854 – 15. DOI: 10.1520/D7854-15.10.1520/D7854-16.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7854 − 16
3.2.6 void volume (carbon black), n—a measure of the intra-aggregate void space or occluded volume within the primary
structure of carbon black, characterized by the irregularity and non-sphericity of carbon black aggregate particles, and expressed
as the difference (compressed volume minus theoretical volume) as a function of specified uniaxial compression pressure, and
normalized to 100 g mass.
3.2.6.1 Discussion—
Carbon blacks resis
...