ASTM D5195-14

Standard Test Method for Density of Soil and Rock In-Place at Depths Below Surface by Nuclear Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is useful as a rapid, nondestructive technique for the calculation of the in-place density of soil and rock at desired depths below the surface as opposed to surface measurements in accordance with Test Method D6938.  
4.2 This test method is useful for informational and research purposes. It should only be used for quality control and acceptance testing when correlated to other accepted methods such as Test Method D2937.  
4.3 The non-destructive nature of the test method allows repetitive measurements to be made at a single test location for statistical analysis and to monitor changes over time.  
4.4 The fundamental assumptions inherent in this test method are that Compton scattering and photoelectric absorption are the dominant interactions of the gamma rays with the material under test.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard test method is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection, and the like. Users of this test method are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the calculation of the density of soil and rock by the attenuation of gamma radiation, where the gamma source and the gamma detector are placed at the desired depth in a bored hole lined by an access tube.  
1.1.1 For limitations see Section 5 on Interference.  
1.2 The density, in mass per unit volume of the material under test, is calculated by comparing the detected rate of gamma radiation with previously established calibration data (see Annex A1).  
1.3 A precision statement has not been developed for this standard at this time. Therefore, this standard should not be used for acceptance or rejection of a material for purchasing purposes unless correlated to other accepted ASTM standards.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only and may be approximate.  
1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guide for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.5.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected, recorded, and calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that should generally be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7, “Hazards.”

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 30-Jun-2014
• ICS: 93.020 - Earthworks. Excavations. Foundation construction. Underground works
• Technical Committee: D18 - Soil and Rock
• Drafting Committee: D18.08 - Special and Construction Control Tests

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D5195 − 14
Standard Test Method for
Density of Soil and Rock In-Place at Depths Below Surface
1
by Nuclear Methods
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5195; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-
1.1 This test method covers the calculation of the density of
tionary statements are given in Section 7, “Hazards.”
soil and rock by the attenuation of gamma radiation, where the
gamma source and the gamma detector are placed at the
2. Referenced Documents
desired depth in a bored hole lined by an access tube.
2
1.1.1 For limitations see Section 5 on Interference.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
1.2 The density, in mass per unit volume of the material
Fluids
under test, is calculated by comparing the detected rate of
D1452 Practice for Soil Exploration and Sampling byAuger
gamma radiation with previously established calibration data
3
Borings
(see Annex A1).
D1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils for
1.3 A precision statement has not been developed for this
Geotechnical Purposes
standard at this time. Therefore, this standard should not be
D2113 Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampling of
used for acceptance or rejection of a material for purchasing
Rock for Site Investigation
purposes unless correlated to other accepted ASTM standards.
D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are regarded as the
(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for
D2937 Test Method for Density of Soil in Place by the
information only and may be approximate.
Drive-Cylinder Method
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the
Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as
guide for significant digits and rounding established in Practice
Used in Engineering Design and Construction
D6026.
D4428/D4428M Test Methods for Crosshole Seismic Test-
1.5.1 Theproceduresusedtospecifyhowdataarecollected,
ing
recorded, and calculated in this standard are regarded as the
D5220 Test Method for Water Mass per Unit Volume of Soil
industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the
and Rock In-Place by the Neutron Depth Probe Method
significant digits that should generally be retained. The proce-
D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical
dures used do not consider material variation, purpose for
Data
obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-
D6938 Test Method for In-Place Density and Water Content
ations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to
of Soil and Soil-Aggregate by Nuclear Methods (Shallow
increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be
Depth)
commensuratewiththeseconsiderations.Itisbeyondthescope
of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis
3. Terminology
methods for engineering design.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the 3.1 Definitions—For definitions of common technical terms
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
in this standard, refer to Terminology D653.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and
2
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.08 on Special and For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Construction Control Tests. contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved July 1, 2014. Published August 2014. Originally Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D5195 – 08. DOI: the ASTM website.
3
10.1520/D5195-14. Replace with continuous flight and hollowstream methods when available.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D5195 − 14
3.2.1 wet density—same as bulk density (as defined in
Terminology D653); the total mass (solids plus water) per total
volume.
3.2.2 gamma (radiation) source—a sealed, radioactive ma-
terial that emits gamma radiation as
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D5195 − 08 D5195 − 14
Standard Test Method for
Density of Soil and Rock In-Place at Depths Below Surface
1
by Nuclear Methods
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5195; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the calculation of the density of soil and rock by the attenuation of gamma radiation, where the
gamma source and the gamma detector are placed at the desired depth in a bored hole lined by an access tube.
1.1.1 For limitations see Section 5 on Interference.
1.2 The density, in mass per unit volume of the material under test, is calculated by comparing the detected rate of gamma
radiation with previously established calibration data (see Annex A1).
1.3 A precision statement has not been developed for this standard at this time. Therefore, this standard should not be used for
acceptance or rejection of a material for purchasignpurchasing purposes unless correlated to other accepted ASTM standards.
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for
information only and may be approximate.
1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guide for significant digits and rounding established in Practice
D6026.
1.5.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected, recorded, and calculated in this standard are regarded as the
industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that should generally be retained. The procedures
used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s
objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these
considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7, “Hazards.”
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
3
D1452 Practice for Soil Exploration and Sampling by Auger Borings
D1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils for Geotechnical Purposes
D2113 Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampling of Rock for Site Investigation
D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
D2937 Test Method for Density of Soil in Place by the Drive-Cylinder Method
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in
Engineering Design and Construction
D4428/D4428M Test Methods for Crosshole Seismic Testing
D5220 Test Method for Water Mass per Unit Volume of Soil and Rock In-Place by the Neutron Depth Probe Method
D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical Data
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.08 on Special and Construction
Control Tests.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2008July 1, 2014. Published September 2008August 2014. Originally approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 20022008
as D5195 – 02.D5195 – 08. DOI: 10.1520/D5195-08.10.1520/D5195-14.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Replace with continuous flight and hollowstream methods when available.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D5195 − 14
D6938 Test Method for In-Place Density and Water Content of Soil and Soil-Aggregate by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth)
3. Terminology
3.1
...