ASTM F1868-02
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Thermal and Evaporative Resistance of Clothing Materials Using a Sweating Hot Plate
Standard Test Method for Thermal and Evaporative Resistance of Clothing Materials Using a Sweating Hot Plate
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The thermal resistance and evaporative resistance provided by a fabric, batting, or other type of material is of considerable importance in determining its suitability for use in fabricating protective clothing systems.
The thermal interchange between people and their environment is, however, an extremely complicated subject that involves many factors in addition to the steady-state resistance values of fabrics and battings. Therefore, thermal resistance values and evaporative resistance values measured on a hot plate may or may not indicate relative merit of a particular material or assembly for a given clothing application. While a possible indicator of clothing performance, measurements produced by the testing of fabrics has no proven correlation to the performance of clothing systems worn by people. Clothing weight, drape, tightness of fit, and so forth, can minimize or even neutralize the apparent differences between fabrics or fabric assemblies measured by this test method.
The thermal resistance of clothing systems can be measured with a heated manikin in an environmental chamber in accordance with Test Method F 1291.
Departures from the instructions of Test Method F 1868 may lead to significantly different test results. Technical knowledge concerning the theory of heat flow, temperature measurement, and testing practices is needed to evaluate which departures from the instructions are significant. Standardization of the method reduces, but does not eliminate the need for such technical knowledge. Report any departures from the instructions of Test Method F 1868 with the results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the thermal resistance and the evaporative resistance under steady-state conditions, of fabrics, films, coatings, foams, and leathers, including multi-layer assemblies, for use in clothing systems.
1.2 The range of this measurement technique for thermal resistance is from 0.002 to 0.2 K-m2/W and for evaporative resistance is from 0.01 to 1.0 kPa-m2/W.
1.3 The values in SI units shall be regarded as standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:F1868–02
Standard Test Method for
Thermal and Evaporative Resistance of Clothing Materials
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Using a Sweating Hot Plate
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1868; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Clothing is often made of materials that impede the flow of heat and moisture from the skin to the
environment. Consequently, people may suffer from heat stress or cold stress when wearing clothing
in different environmental conditions. Therefore, it is important to quantify the thermal resistance and
evaporative resistance of clothing materials and to consider these properties when selecting materials
for different clothing applications.
1. Scope of Clothing Using a Heated Manikin
F 1494 Terminology Relating to Protective Clothing
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the thermal
2.2 Other Standards:
resistance and the evaporative resistance, under steady-state
ISO 11092 Textiles–Physiological Effects–Measurement of
conditions, of fabrics, films, coatings, foams, and leathers,
Thermal and Water-Vapour Resistance Under Steady-
including multi-layer assemblies, for use in clothing systems.
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State Conditions (Sweating Guarded-Hotplate Test)
1.2 The range of this measurement technique for thermal
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NFPA 1971 Protective Clothing for Structural Fire Fight-
resistance is from 0.002 to 0.2 K·m /W and for evaporative
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2
ing
resistance is from 0.01 to 1.0 kPa·m /W.
NFPA 1977 Protective Clothing and Equipment for Wild-
1.3 The values in SI units shall be regarded as standard.
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land Fire Fighting
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3. Terminology
responsibility of the user of this standard to consult and
3.1 Definitions:
establish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-
3.1.1 clo, n—unit of thermal resistance defined as the
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
insulationrequiredtokeeparestingman(producingheatatthe
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2. Referenced Documents rate of 58 W/m ) comfortable in an environment at 21°C, air
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movement 0.1 m/s, or roughly the insulation value of typical
2.1 ASTM Standards:
indoor clothing.
C 177 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measure-
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Numerically the clo is equal to 0.155
ments and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of
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K·m /W.
the Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus
3.1.2 evaporative heat transmittance, n—time rate of undi-
D 1518 Thermal Transmittance of Textile Materials
rectional evaporative heat transfer per unit area, in the steady
E 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
state, between parallel planes, per unit difference of water
ASTM Test Methods
vapor pressure of the planes.
E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
3.1.2.1 Discussion—Evaporative heat transmittance is ex-
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
pressed as watts per square metre of test specimen per
F 1291 Test Method for Measuring the Thermal Insulation
kilopascal of vapor pressure difference between the test plate
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and the environment (W/m ·kPa). The evaporative heat trans-
mittance may consist of both diffusive and convective compo-
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This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F23 on
nents.
Protective Clothing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F23.60 on
Human Factors.
Current edition approved August 10, 2002. Published October 2002. Originally
published as F 1868 – 98. Last previous edition F 1868 – 98.
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For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
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Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from National Fire Protection Assoc., 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy,
the ASTM website. MA 02269.
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F1868–02
3.1.3 evaporative resistance, n—reciprocal of evaporative layers of the fabric test specimen are equal.
heat transmittance expressed in kilopascals, square metre of R = total thermal resistance of the test specimen and the air
ct
layer.
test specimen per watt.
3.1.7 total heat loss, n—the amount of heat transferred
3.1.3.1 Discussion—The evaporative resistance for several
through a material or a composite by the combined dry and
different case
...
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