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ASTM F2824-10(2015)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Mechanical Seal Strength Testing for Round Cups and Bowl Containers with Flexible Peelable Lids

Standard Test Method for Mechanical Seal Strength Testing for Round Cups and Bowl Containers with Flexible Peelable Lids

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method F88 has been the standard for the mechanical peel strength testing of peelable seals since the 1960s. Normally the testing is run on a portion of the seal. The result is an actual seal strength picture of that portion of the seal. This test method is different in that the entire package seal is peeled open and data collected for the entire sealed area.  
5.2 This test method is a tool for quality assurance use as well as performance evaluation of a seal during separation.  
5.3 With appropriate software, data is collected depicting the seal strength of the entire length of the seal. As a result, it is possible to see seal strength variations, as the seal is peeled apart, thereby evaluating the consistency and uniformity of the seal (see Fig. 1).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a method for the measurement of mechanical seal strength while separating the entire lid (cover/membrane) from a rigid or semi-rigid round container.  
1.2 This test method differs from Test Method F88. Test Method F88 tests a portion of the seal where as this test method tests the force required to separate the entire lid (cover/membrane) from the container.  
1.3 This test method is used to determine the continuous and maximum forces required to separate the lid (cover/membrane) from the container.  
1.4 This test method uses an angle of pull of 45°, however other angles of pull may be used provided results are documented noting the used angle of pull and said procedure is validated.  
1.5 Typical examples of container shapes that could be tested using this or a similar method include oval, rectangular, and circular with single or multiple cavities having a sealed lid (cover/membrane). Examples of products packaged in these types of containers are: ready meals, creamers, coffee, yogurts, household fresheners, chemical and pharmaceutical products, and numerous others not mentioned. However, this test method, described within, is specifically for round containers.  
1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Mar-2015
ICS
55.040 - Packaging materials and accessories
Technical Committee
F02 - Primary Barrier Packaging
Drafting Committee
F02.20 - Physical Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM F2824-10e1 - Standard Test Method for Mechanical Seal Strength Testing for Round Cups and Bowl Containers with Flexible Peelable Lids
Effective Date
01-Apr-2015
Replaced By
ASTM F2824-10(2020) - Standard Test Method for Mechanical Seal Strength Testing for Round Cups and Bowl Containers with Flexible Peelable Lids
Effective Date
01-May-2020
Referred By
ASTM F88/F88M-23 - Standard Test Method for Seal Strength of Flexible Barrier Materials
Effective Date
01-Apr-2015
Referred By
ASTM F2097-20 - Standard Guide for Design and Evaluation of Primary Flexible Packaging for Medical Products
Effective Date
01-Apr-2015

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ASTM F2824-10(2015) - Standard Test Method for Mechanical Seal Strength Testing for Round Cups and Bowl Containers with Flexible Peelable LidsASTM F2824-10(2015) - Standard Test Method for Mechanical Seal Strength Testing for Round Cups and Bowl Containers with Flexible Peelable Lids
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ASTM F2824-10(2015) - Standard Test Method for Mechanical Seal Strength Testing for Round Cups and Bowl Containers with Flexible Peelable Lids
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REDLINE ASTM F2824-10(2015) - Standard Test Method for Mechanical Seal Strength Testing for Round Cups and Bowl Containers with Flexible Peelable LidsREDLINE ASTM F2824-10(2015) - Standard Test Method for Mechanical Seal Strength Testing for Round Cups and Bowl Containers with Flexible Peelable Lids
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REDLINE ASTM F2824-10(2015) - Standard Test Method for Mechanical Seal Strength Testing for Round Cups and Bowl Containers with Flexible Peelable Lids
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: F2824 − 10 (Reapproved 2015)
Standard Test Method for
Mechanical Seal Strength Testing for Round Cups and Bowl
1
Containers with Flexible Peelable Lids
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2824; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This test method describes a method for the measure-
D4332Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, or
mentofmechanicalsealstrengthwhileseparatingtheentirelid
Packaging Components for Testing
(cover/membrane) from a rigid or semi-rigid round container.
E177Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
1.2 This test method differs from Test Method F88. Test
ASTM Test Methods
MethodF88testsaportionofthesealwhereasthistestmethod
E691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
tests the force required to separate the entire lid (cover/
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
membrane) from the container.
F17Terminology Relating to Flexible Barrier Packaging
F88Test Method for Seal Strength of Flexible Barrier
1.3 Thistestmethodisusedtodeterminethecontinuousand
Materials
maximumforcesrequiredtoseparatethelid(cover/membrane)
2.2 Other Standard:
from the container.
ANSI/AAMI/ISO 11607–1Packaging for Terminally Steril-
1.4 This test method uses an angle of pull of 45°, however
ized Medical Devices—Part 1: Requirements for
other angles of pull may be used provided results are docu-
Materials, Sterile Barrier Systems, and Packaging Sys-
mented noting the used angle of pull and said procedure is
3
tems
validated.
3. Terminology
1.5 Typical examples of container shapes that could be
tested using this or a similar method include oval, rectangular,
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
andcircularwithsingleormultiplecavitieshavingasealedlid
3.1.1 average seal strength—the sum of the individual
(cover/membrane). Examples of products packaged in these
forces recorded divided by the total number of those measure-
typesofcontainersare:readymeals,creamers,coffee,yogurts,
ments. The calculation can be expressed as the average
household fresheners, chemical and pharmaceutical products,
between the peaks or within the peaks (see Fig. 1).
and numerous others not mentioned. However, this test
3.1.2 flexible—See Terminology F17.
method, described within, is specifically for round containers.
3.1.3 grip separation rate—a function of the test equipment
1.6 Thevaluesstatedininch-poundunitsaretoberegarded
design and angle of peel to achieve the correct peel rate. It is
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
the actual peel rate of separating the lid (cover/membrane)
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
from the container. For this test method, the actual separation
and are not considered standard.
rate is 12 in./min (300 mm/min).
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the 3.1.4 maximum seal strength—the maximum force mea-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the sured when separating progressively, under the conditions of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- the test.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.5 peel angle—the angle of the lid (cover/membrane)
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
relative to the container seal surface at all points of removal of
1 2
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeF02onFlexible For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Barrier Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F02.20 on contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Physical Properties. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved April 1, 2015. Published May 2015. Originally the ASTM website.
ε1 3
approved in 2010. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as F2824–10 . DOI: Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
10.1520/F2824–10R15. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F2824 − 10 (2015)
FIG. 1 Average Seal Strength
the lid (cover/membrane) from the container seal surface. The membrane) is peeled from the container at a constant rate of
preferred angle for this test method is 45° (Fig. 2) but other speed along the peel line of the container and at a 45° angle
angles can be
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: F2824 − 10 F2824 − 10 (Reapproved 2015)
Standard Test Method for
Mechanical Seal Strength Testing for Round Cups and Bowl
1
Containers with Flexible Peelable Lids
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2824; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
ε NOTE—Fig. X1.1 was added editorially in April 2011.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method describes a method for the measurement of mechanical seal strength while separating the entire lid
(cover/membrane) from a rigid or semi-rigid round container.
1.2 This test method differs from Test Method F88. Test Method F88 tests a portion of the seal where as this test method tests
the force required to separate the entire lid (cover/membrane) from the container.
1.3 This test method is used to determine the continuous and maximum forces required to separate the lid (cover/membrane)
from the container.
1.4 This test method uses an angle of pull of 45°, however other angles of pull may be used provided results are documented
noting the used angle of pull and said procedure is validated.
1.5 Typical examples of container shapes that could be tested using this or a similar method include oval, rectangular, and
circular with single or multiple cavities having a sealed lid (cover/membrane). Examples of products packaged in these types of
containers are: ready meals, creamers, coffee, yogurts, household fresheners, chemical and pharmaceutical products, and numerous
others not mentioned. However, this test method, described within, is specifically for round containers.
1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, or Packaging Components for Testing
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
F17 Terminology Relating to Flexible Barrier Packaging
F88 Test Method for Seal Strength of Flexible Barrier Materials
2.2 Other Standard:
ANSI/AAMI/ISO 11607–1 Packaging for Terminally Sterilized Medical Devices—Part 1: Requirements for Materials, Sterile
3
Barrier Systems, and Packaging Systems
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F02 on Flexible Barrier Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F02.20 on Physical
Properties.
ε1
Current edition approved May 1, 2010April 1, 2015. Published June 2010May 2015. Originally approved in 2010. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as F2824–10 .
DOI: 10.1520/F2824–10E01.10.1520/F2824–10R15.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’sstandard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F2824 − 10 (2015)
3.1.1 average seal strength—the sum of the individual forces recorded divided by the total number of those measurements. The
calculation can be expressed as the average between the peaks or within the peaks (see Fig. 1).
3.1.2 flexible—See Terminology F17.
3.1.3 grip separation rate—a function of the test equipment design and angle of peel to achieve the correct peel rate. It is the
actual peel rate of separating the lid (cover/membrane) from the container. For this test method, the actual separation rate is 12
in./min (300 mm/min).
3.1.4 maximum seal strength—the maximum force measured when sepa
...

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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of thickness of flexible packaging materials using contact micrometers.  
1.2 The Precision and Bias statement for this test method was developed using both handheld and bench top micrometers with foot sizes ranging from 4.8 mm to 15.9 mm (3/16 in. to 5/8 in.).  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM F34-13(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Construction of Test Cell for Liquid Extraction of Flexible Barrier Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Knowledge of extractives from flexible barrier materials may serve many useful purposes. A test cell constructed as described in this practice may be used for obtaining such data. Another test cell has been found equivalent to the one described in this practice. See the appendix for the source of the alternate cell.  
5.2 United States Federal Regulations 21CFR 176.170 (d)(3), 21CFR 177.1330 (e)(4), 21CFR 177.1360 (b), 21CFR 177.1670 (b), and 21CFR Appendix VI (b) cite this standard practice as the basis for determining the amount of extractables from the surface of a package or multilayer film or modified paper in contact with food. In some cases, it is the only practice defined for this purpose. No alternative detail is given in the regulations for conducting extractions.  
5.3 Test Method D4754 is not an equivalent to this test method. It is for two-sided extraction of films having the same material on both of the exposed surfaces of the film.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the construction of test cells which may be used for the extraction of components from flexible barrier materials by suitable extracting liquids, including foods and food simulating solvents.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM F119-82(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Rate of Grease Penetration of Flexible Barrier Materials (Rapid Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is valuable in the development and selection of flexible barrier materials suited for use as grease barriers.  
4.2 The test is rapid in comparison with other methods because of the extremely small quantity of oil required for detection (about 6 μg). The actual time to failure is a multiple of the values obtained by this test method. When permeation is through an absorbent structure such as kraft paper coated with polyethylene, the failure times will be longer and variable, depending on the variation in porosity and thickness of the structure.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides standard conditions for determining the rate of grease penetration of flexible barrier materials. Pinholes, which can be measured by a separate test, will increase the rate of grease penetration as determined by this test method.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM F2391-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring Package and Seal Integrity Using Helium as the Tracer Gas

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The vacuum, bubble test method, as described in Test Method D3078, and various other leak detection methods described elsewhere (Test Method D4991, Guide E432, Test Method E493, Test Method E498, Test Method E499, and Test Method E1603) have been successfully used widely in various industries and applications to determine that a given package is or is not a “leaker.” The sensitivity of any selected leak test method has to be considered to determine its applicability to a specific situation.  
5.2 The procedures presented in this test method allow the user to carry out package and seal integrity testing with sufficient sensitivity to quantify seals in the previously defined moderate to fine seal ranges.  
5.3 By employing seal-isolating leak testing fixtures, packages constructed of various materials can be tested in the full range of seal performance requirements. Design of these fixtures is beyond the scope of this method.  
5.4 These seal/package integrity test procedures can be utilized as:  
5.4.1 A design tool,  
5.4.2 For tooling qualification,  
5.4.3 Process setup,  
5.4.4 Process validation tool,  
5.4.5 Quality assurance monitoring, or  
5.4.6 Research and development.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method includes several procedures that can be used for the measurement of overall package and seal barrier performance of a variety of package types and package forms, as well as seal/closure types. The basic elements of this method include:  
1.1.1 Helium (employed as tracer gas),  
1.1.2 Helium leak detector (mass spectrometer), and  
1.1.3 Package/product-specific test fixtures.  
1.1.4 Most applications of helium leak detection are destructive, in that helium needs to be injected into the package after the package has been sealed. The injection site then needs to be sealed/patched externally, which often destroys its saleability. Alternatively, if helium can be incorporated into the headspace before sealing, the method can be non-destructive because all that needs to be accomplished is to simply detect for helium escaping the sealed package.  
1.2 Two procedures are described; however the supporting data in Section 14 only reflects Procedure B (Vacuum Mode). The alternative, Sniffer Mode, has proven to be a valuable procedure for many applications, but may have more variability due to exactly the manner that the operator conducts the test such as whether the package is squeezed, effect of multiple small leaks compared to fewer large leaks, background helium concentration, package permeability and speed at which the scan is conducted. Further testing to quantify this procedure’s variability is anticipated, but not included in this version.  
1.2.1 Procedure A: Sniffer Mode—the package is scanned externally for helium escaping into the atmosphere or fixture.  
1.2.2 Procedure B: Vacuum Mode—the helium containing package is placed in a closed fixture. After drawing a vacuum, helium escaping into the closed fixture (capture volume) is detected. Typically, the fixtures are custom made for the specific package under test.  
1.3 The sensitivity of the method can range from the detection of:  
1.3.1 Large leaks—10-2 Pa·m 3/s to 10-5 Pa·m3/s (10–1 cc/sec/atm to 10-4 cc/sec/atm).  
1.3.2 Moderate leaks—10-5 Pa·m 3/s to 10-7 Pa·m3/s (10-4 cc/sec/atm to 10-6 cc/sec/atm).  
1.3.3 Fine leaks—10-7 Pa·m 3/s to 10-9 Pa·m3/s (10-6 cc/sec/atm to 10-8 cc/sec/atm).  
1.3.4 Ultra-Fine leak—10-9 Pa·m 3/s to 10-11 Pa·m3/s (10-8 cc/sec/atm to 10-10 cc/sec/atm).
Note 1: Conversion from cc/sec/atm to Pa·m3/s is achieved by multiplying by 0.1.  
1.4 The terms large, moderate, fine and ultra-fine are relative terms only and do not imply the acceptability of any leak rate. The individual application dictates the level of integrity needed. For many packaging applications, only “large leaks” are considered unacceptable and the ability to detect smaller leaks is immaterial. All leak rates referred...

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