ASTM C1112-99(2005)

Standard Guide for Application of Radiation Monitors to the Control and Physical Security of Special Nuclear Material (Withdrawn 2014)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
SNM monitors are an efficient and sensitive means of unobtrusively (without a body search) meeting the requirements of 10 CFR (Code of Federal Regulations) Part 73 or DOE Order 5632.4 (May 1986) that individuals exiting nuclear material access areas (MAAs) be searched for concealed SNM. The monitors sense radiation emitted by SNM, which is an excellent but otherwise imperceptible clue to the presence of the material. Because the monitors operate in a natural radiation environment and must detect small intensity increases as clues, the monitors must be well designed and maintained to operate without unnecessary nuisance alarms.
This guide provides information on different types of monitors for searching pedestrians and vehicles. Each monitor has an inherent sensitivity at a particular nuisance alarm rate that must be low enough to maintain the monitor’credibility. Sensitivity and nuisance alarm rates are both governed by the alarm threshold so it is very important that corresponding values for both be known when measured, estimated, or specified values are discussed. Fitting SNM monitors into a facility physical protection plan must not only consider adequate sensitivity but also a sufficiently low nuisance alarm rate.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide briefly describes the state-of-the-art of radiation monitors for detecting special nuclear material (SNM) (see 3.1.11) in order to establish the context in which to write performance standards for the monitors. This guide extracts information from technical documentation to provide information for selecting, calibrating, testing, and operating such radiation monitors when they are used for the control and protection of SNM. This guide offers an unobtrusive means of searching pedestrians, packages, and motor vehicles for concealed SNM as one part of a nuclear material control or security plan for nuclear materials. The radiation monitors can provide an efficient, sensitive, and reliable means of detecting the theft of small quantities of SNM while maintaining a low likelihood of nuisance alarms.
1.2 Dependable operation of SNM radiation monitors rests on selecting appropriate monitors for the task, operating them in a hospitable environment, and conducting an effective program to test, calibrate, and maintain them. Effective operation also requires training in the use of monitors for the security inspectors who attend them. Training is particularly important for hand-held monitoring where the inspector plays an important role in the search by scanning the instrument over pedestrians and packages or throughout a motor vehicle.
1.3 SNM radiation monitors are commercially available in three forms:
1.3.1 Small Hand-Held Monitors—These monitors may be used by an inspector to manually search pedestrians and vehicles that stop for inspection.
1.3.2 Automatic Pedestrian Monitors—These monitors are doorway or portal monitors that search pedestrians in motion as they pass between radiation detectors, or wait-in monitoring booths that make extended measurements to search pedestrians while they stop to obtain exit clearance.
1.3.3 Automatic Vehicle Monitors—These monitors are portals that monitor vehicles as they pass between radiation detectors, or vehicle monitoring stations that make extended measurements to search vehicles while they stop to obtain exit clearance.  
1.4 Guidance for applying SNM monitors is available as Atomic Energy Commission/Nuclear Regulatory Commission (AEC/NRC) regulatory guides, AEC/ERDA/DOE performance standards, and more recently as handbooks and applications guides published by national laboratories under DOE sponsorship. This broad information base covering the pertinent physics, engineering practice, and equipment available for monitoring has had no automatic mechanism for periodic review and revision. This ASTM series of guides and standards will consolidate the information in a form that is reexamined and updated on a fixe...

General Information

• Status: Withdrawn
• Publication Date: 31-May-2005
• Withdrawal Date: 15-Jan-2014
• ICS: 17.240 - Radiation measurements
• Technical Committee: C26 - Nuclear Fuel Cycle

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM C1112-99 - Standard Guide for Application of Radiation Monitors to the Control and Physical Security of Special Nuclear Material
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2005
• Referred By: ASTM C1189-11(2018) - Standard Guide to Procedures for Calibrating Automatic Pedestrian SNM Monitors
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2005

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C1112 − 99 (Reapproved2005)
Standard Guide for
Application of Radiation Monitors to the Control and
1
Physical Security of Special Nuclear Material
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1112; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.3.3 Automatic Vehicle Monitors—These monitors are por-
tals that monitor vehicles as they pass between radiation
1.1 This guide briefly describes the state-of-the-art of radia-
detectors, or vehicle monitoring stations that make extended
tionmonitorsfordetectingspecialnuclearmaterial(SNM)(see
measurements to search vehicles while they stop to obtain exit
3.1.11) in order to establish the context in which to write
clearance.
performance standards for the monitors. This guide extracts
information from technical documentation to provide informa-
1.4 Guidance for applying SNM monitors is available as
tion for selecting, calibrating, testing, and operating such
Atomic Energy Commission/Nuclear Regulatory Commission
radiation monitors when they are used for the control and
(AEC/NRC)regulatoryguides,AEC/ERDA/DOEperformance
protection of SNM. This guide offers an unobtrusive means of
standards, and more recently as handbooks and applications
searching pedestrians, packages, and motor vehicles for con-
guides published by national laboratories under DOE sponsor-
cealed SNM as one part of a nuclear material control or
ship. This broad information base covering the pertinent
security plan for nuclear materials. The radiation monitors can
physics, engineering practice, and equipment available for
provide an efficient, sensitive, and reliable means of detecting
monitoring has had no automatic mechanism for periodic
the theft of small quantities of SNM while maintaining a low
reviewandrevision.ThisASTMseriesofguidesandstandards
likelihood of nuisance alarms.
will consolidate the information in a form that is reexamined
1.2 Dependable operation of SNM radiation monitors rests
and updated on a fixed schedule.
on selecting appropriate monitors for the task, operating them
1.5 Up-to-date information on monitoring allows both
in a hospitable environment, and conducting an effective
nuclear facilities and regulatory agencies to be aware of the
program to test, calibrate, and maintain them. Effective opera-
current range of monitoring alternatives. Up-to-date informa-
tionalsorequirestrainingintheuseofmonitorsforthesecurity
tion also allows manufacturers to be aware of the current goals
inspectors who attend them. Training is particularly important
of facilities and regulators, for example, to obtain particular
for hand-held monitoring where the inspector plays an impor-
sensitivities at a low nuisance alarm rate with instrumentation
tant role in the search by scanning the instrument over
pedestrians and packages or throughout a motor vehicle. that is dependable and easy to maintain.
1.3 SNM radiation monitors are commercially available in
1.6 This guide updates and expands the scope of NRC
three forms:
regulatory guides andAEC/ERDA/DOE SNM monitor perfor-
1.3.1 Small Hand-Held Monitors—These monitors may be mance standards using the listed publications as a technical
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used by an inspector to manually search pedestrians and basis.
vehicles that stop for inspection.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
1.3.2 Automatic Pedestrian Monitors—These monitors are
standard.
doorwayorportalmonitorsthatsearchpedestriansinmotionas
they pass between radiation detectors, or wait-in monitoring 1.8 This standard may involve hazardous materials,
boothsthatmakeextendedmeasurementstosearchpedestrians operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to
while they stop to obtain exit clearance.
address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is
the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish
appropriate safety and health practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C26 on Nuclear Fuel
Cycleand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C26.12 on Safeguard
Applications.
Current edition approved June 1, 2005. Published October 2005. Originally
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approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as C1112–99. DOI: Copiesofout-of-printreferencesmaybeavailablefromGroupNIS6,MS-J562,
10.1520/C1112-99R05. Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM87545.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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