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ASTM D4056-92(1997)e1

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Estimation of Solubility of Water in Hydrocarbon and Aliphatic Ester Lubricants

Standard Test Method for Estimation of Solubility of Water in Hydrocarbon and Aliphatic Ester Lubricants

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1.1 This test method covers a procedure for estimating the equilibrium solubility of water and its vapor in hydrocarbon and aliphatic ester lubricants, at temperatures between 277 and 373 K. The test method is limited to liquids of low to moderate polarity and hydrogen bonding, with predicted solubilities not over 1000 ppm by weight in hydrocarbons, or 30 000 ppm by weight in oxygenated compounds, at 298 K.
1.2 Specifically excluded are olefins, nitriles, nitro compounds, and alcohols.
1.3 This test method is recommended only for liquids not containing widely different chemical species. This excludes blends of esters with hydrocarbons, and lubricants containing detergents, dispersants, rust preventives, or load carrying additives.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Values in parentheses are given for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Aug-2001
ICS
75.100 - Lubricants, industrial oils and related products
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.L0.07 - Engineering Sciences of High Performance Fluids and Solids (Formally D02.1100)
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D4056-00 - Standard Test Method for Estimation of Solubility of Water in Hydrocarbon and Aliphatic Ester Lubricants
Effective Date
10-Aug-2001

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ASTM D4056-92(1997)e1 - Standard Test Method for Estimation of Solubility of Water in Hydrocarbon and Aliphatic Ester LubricantsASTM D4056-92(1997)e1 - Standard Test Method for Estimation of Solubility of Water in Hydrocarbon and Aliphatic Ester Lubricants
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ASTM D4056-92(1997)e1 - Standard Test Method for Estimation of Solubility of Water in Hydrocarbon and Aliphatic Ester Lubricants
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or
withdrawn. Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
e1
Designation: D 4056 – 92 (Reapproved 1997) An American National Standard
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428
Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM
Standard Test Method for
Estimation of Solubility of Water in Hydrocarbon and
Aliphatic Ester Lubricants
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4056; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
e NOTE—Section 8 was added editorially in April 1997.
1. Scope and Structural Group Analysis of Petroleum Oils by the
n-d-M Method
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for estimating the
equilibrium solubility of water and its vapor in hydrocarbon
3. Terminology
and aliphatic ester lubricants, at temperatures between 277 and
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
373 K. The test method is limited to liquids of low to moderate
3.1.1 charge transfer parameter—the portion of the solu-
polarity and hydrogen bonding, with predicted solubilities not
bility parameter not attributed to London or Keesom forces.
over 1000 ppm by weight in hydrocarbons, or 30 000 ppm by
3.1.1.1 Discussion—It includes hydrogen bonds, induced
weight in oxygenated compounds, at 298 K.
dipoles, and other quasichemical forces.
1.2 Specifically excluded are olefins, nitriles, nitro com-
3.1.1.2 Discussion—The square of the solubility parameter
pounds, and alcohols.
equals the sum of the squares of the three partial parameters.
1.3 This test method is recommended only for liquids not
3.1.2 dispersion parameter—the portion of the solubility
containing widely different chemical species. This excludes
parameter attributed to London forces.
blends of esters with hydrocarbons, and lubricants containing
3.1.3 polar parameter—the portion of the solubility param-
detergents, dispersants, rust preventives, or load carrying
eter attributed to Keesom (permanent dipole) forces.
additives.
3.1.4 solubility parameter—the square root of the cohesive
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
energy density (heat of vaporization minus work of vaporiza-
standard. Values in parentheses are given for information only.
tion, per unit volume of liquid), at 298 K.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2 Symbols:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
C 5 percentage of aromatic carbons,
A
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
C 5 percentage of naphthenic carbons,
N
d 5 density of lubricant at 298 K, g/mL,
2. Referenced Documents
G 5 solubility by weight, mg/kg (ppm),
2.1 ASTM Standards: M 5 molecular weight of lubricant, g/mol,
D 94 Test Method for Saponification Number of Petroleum n 5 refractive index of lubricant at 298 K,
D
RH 5 relative humidity, %
Products
S 5 saponification number, mg of KOH/g of lubricant,
D 1218 Test Method for Refractive Index and Refractive
T 5 system temperature, K,
Dispersion of Hydrocarbon Liquids
V 5 molar volume of lubricant, mL/mol,
D 1298 Practice for Density, Relative Density (Specific
x 5 mole fraction of water in equilibrium mixture,
Gravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid
y 5 Lorentz-Lorenz refractivity function,
Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method
0.5
d 5 dispersion parameter, (MPa) ,
d
D 2502 Test Method for Estimation of Molecular Weight 0.5
P 5 polar parameter, (MPa) ,
(Relative Molecular Mass) of Petroleum Oils from Viscos- 0.5
H 5 charge transfer parameter, (MPa) ,
ity Measurements
u 5 volume fraction of lubricant in equilibrium mixture,
D 3238 Test Method for Calculation of Carbon Distribution
and
u 5 volume fraction of water in equilibrium mixture.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-2 on
4. Summary of Test Method
Petroleum Products and Lubricantsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
4.1 Data required are the density, refractive index, and
D02.11on Engineering Science and High Performance of Fluids and Solids.
Current edition approved Oct. 15, 1992. Published December 1992. Originally
published as D 4056 – 81. Last previous edition D 4056 – 86.
2 3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02.
D 4056
molecular weight of a hydrocarbon. The saponification number However, that can introduce a significant error for some esters, so
calculate f stepwise. Start with f 5 1.00, next step f 5 1− f from
2 1 1 2
is also required for an ester. From these are calculated the
the first step, and so on until no further significant change is noted.
carbon distribution for a hydrocarbon, and then the partial
6.5.1 Rarely are more than three steps needed to obtain
solubility parameters. These in turn are used to calculate the
volume fraction of water dissolved at 298 K at saturation. This constancy to three significant figures. A small programmable
calculator, which is strongly recommended for the whole
is converted to mole fraction, and adjusted to system tempera-
ture. The mole fraction is then converted to solubility by procedure, can readily be set into the interative cycle described.
6.6 Calculate the mole fraction at 298 K as follows:
weight. If the system atmosphere is not saturated, the solubility
is multiplied by the relative humidity.
x 5 V /18 (9)
5. Significance and Use
6.7 Calculate the mole fraction at temperature T as follows:
5.1 Knowledge of the water content is important in lubrica-
x 5 exp 625 2 T /1.097 ln x (10)
~~ ! ! !
T
tion, as large amounts of water can cause corrosion fatigue in
6.8 Calculate the solubility by weight, using
steel bearings, and the complete absence of water can cause
G 5 18 3 10 /M~1 2 x ! (11)
metal scuffing.
xT T
5.2 High water content has an a
...

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