iTeh StandardsiTeh Standards
EURUSD
Your shopping cart is empty.
ASTM

ASTM G152-00

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Operating Open Flame Carbon Arc Light Apparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials

Standard Practice for Operating Open Flame Carbon Arc Light Apparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials

SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the basic principles and operating procedures for using open flame carbon-arc light and water apparatus intended to reproduce the weathering effects that occur when materials are exposed to sunlight (either direct or through window glass) and moisture as rain or dew in actual use. This practice is limited to the procedures for obtaining, measuring, and controlling conditions of exposure. A number of exposure procedures are listed in an appendix; however, this practice does not specify the exposure conditions best suited for the material to be tested.
Note 1--Practice G151 describes performance criteria for all exposure devices that use laboratory light sources. This practice replaces Practice G23, which describes very specific designs for devices used for carbon-arc exposures. The apparatus described in Practice G23 is covered by this practice.
1.2 Test specimens are exposed to filtered open flame carbon arc light under controlled environmental conditions. Different filters are described.
1.3 Specimen preparation and evaluation of the results are covered in methods or specifications for specific materials. General guidance is given in Practice G151 and ISO 4892-1. More specific information about methods for determining the change in properties after exposure and reporting these results is described in ISO 4582.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5.1 Should any ozone be generated from the operation of the light source, it shall be carried away from the test specimens and operating personnel by an exhaust system.
1.6 This practice is technically similar to ISO 4892-4.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Aug-2000
ICS
19.040 - Environmental testing
Technical Committee
G03 - Weathering and Durability
Drafting Committee
G03.03 - Simulated and Controlled Exposure Tests
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM G152-00a - Standard Practice for Operating Open Flame Carbon Arc Light Apparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials
Effective Date
10-Aug-2000
Referred By
ASTM G151-19 - Standard Practice for Exposing Nonmetallic Materials in Accelerated Test Devices that Use Laboratory Light Sources
Effective Date
10-Aug-2000
Referred By
ASTM D822/D822M-13(2018) - Standard Practice for Filtered Open-Flame Carbon-Arc Exposures of Paint and Related Coatings
Effective Date
10-Aug-2000
Referred By
ASTM F668-17(2022) - Standard Specification for Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), Polyolefin and Other Polymer-Coated Steel Chain Link Fence Fabric
Effective Date
10-Aug-2000
Referred By
ASTM D3794-22 - Standard Guide for Testing Coil Coatings
Effective Date
10-Aug-2000
Referred By
ASTM G178-16(2023) - Standard Practice for Determining the Activation Spectrum of a Material (Wavelength Sensitivity to an Exposure Source) Using the Sharp Cut-On Filter or Spectrographic Technique
Effective Date
10-Aug-2000
Referred By
ASTM D3361/D3361M-22 - Standard Practice for Unfiltered Open-Flame Carbon-Arc Exposures of Paint and Related Coatings
Effective Date
10-Aug-2000
Referred By
ASTM F1664-08(2022) - Standard Specification for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) and Other Conforming Organic Polymer-Coated Steel Tension Wire Used with Chain-Link Fence
Effective Date
10-Aug-2000
Referred By
ASTM D5031/D5031M-13(2018) - Standard Practice for Enclosed Carbon-Arc Exposure Tests of Paint and Related Coatings
Effective Date
10-Aug-2000
Referred By
ASTM G141-09(2021) - Standard Guide for Addressing Variability in Exposure Testing of Nonmetallic Materials
Effective Date
10-Aug-2000
Referred By
ASTM D3451-06(2017) - Standard Guide for Testing Coating Powders and Powder Coatings
Effective Date
10-Aug-2000
Referred By
ASTM D6577-15(2019) - Standard Guide for Testing Industrial Protective Coatings
Effective Date
10-Aug-2000
Referred By
ASTM G156-17 - Standard Practice for Selecting and Characterizing Weathering Reference Materials
Effective Date
10-Aug-2000
Referred By
ASTM G147-17 - Standard Practice for Conditioning and Handling of Nonmetallic Materials for Natural and Artificial Weathering Tests
Effective Date
10-Aug-2000
Referred By
ASTM C1442-14(2021) - Standard Practice for Conducting Tests on Sealants Using Artificial Weathering Apparatus
Effective Date
10-Aug-2000

Buy Standard

ASTM G152-00 - Standard Practice for Operating Open Flame Carbon Arc Light Apparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic MaterialsASTM G152-00 - Standard Practice for Operating Open Flame Carbon Arc Light Apparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials
PreviousNext
Standard
ASTM G152-00 - Standard Practice for Operating Open Flame Carbon Arc Light Apparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials
English language
7 pages
sale 15% off
Preview
sale 15% off
Preview

Standards Content (Sample)


NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: G 152 – 00
Standard Practice for
Operating Open Flame Carbon Arc Light Apparatus for
Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G 152; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D 3980 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of Paint and
Related Materials
1.1 This practice covers the basic principles and operating
E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
procedures for using open flame carbon-arc light and water
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
apparatus intended to reproduce the weathering effects that
G 23 Practice for Operating Light—Exposure Apparatus
occur when materials are exposed to sunlight (either direct or
(Carbon-Arc Type) With and Without Water for Exposure
through window glass) and moisture as rain or dew in actual
of Nonmetallic Materials
use. This practice is limited to the procedures for obtaining,
G 113 Terminology Relating to Natural and Artificial
measuring, and controlling conditions of exposure. A number
Weathering Tests of Nonmetallic Materials
of exposure procedures are listed in an appendix; however, this
G 151 Practice for Exposing Nonmetallic Materials in Ac-
practice does not specify the exposure conditions best suited
celerated Test Devices That Use Laboratory Light
for the material to be tested.
Sources
NOTE 1—Practice G 151 describes performance criteria for all exposure
2.2 CIE Standard:
devices that use laboratory light sources. This practice replaces Practice
CIE-Publ. No. 85: Recommendations for the Integrated
G 23, which describes very specific designs for devices used for carbon-
Irradiance and the Spectral Distribution of Simulated
arc exposures. The apparatus described in Practice G 23 is covered by this
Solar Radiation for Testing Purposes
practice.
2.3 ISO Standards:
1.2 Test specimens are exposed to filtered open flame
ISO 4582, Plastics—Determination of the Changes of
carbon arc light under controlled environmental conditions.
Colour and Variations in Properties After Exposure to
Different filters are described.
Daylight Under Glass, Natural Weathering or Artificial
1.3 Specimen preparation and evaluation of the results are
Light
covered in methods or specifications for specific materials.
ISO 4892-1, Plastics—Methods of Exposure to Laboratory
General guidance is given in Practice G 151 and ISO 4892-1.
Light Sources, Part 1, General Guidance
More specific information about methods for determining the
ISO 4892-4, Plastics—Methods of Exposure to Laboratory
change in properties after exposure and reporting these results
Light Sources, Part 4, Open-Flame Carbon Arc Lamp
is described in ISO 4582.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
3. Terminology
standard.
3.1 Definitions—The definitions given in Terminology
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
G 113 are applicable to this practice.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.1 As used in this practice, the term sunlight is identical
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
to the terms daylight and solar irradiance, global as they are
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
defined in Terminology G 113.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5.1 Should any ozone be generated from the operation of
4. Summary of Practice
the light source, it shall be carried away from the test
4.1 Specimens are exposed to repetitive cycles of light and
specimens and operating personnel by an exhaust system.
moisture under controlled environmental conditions.
1.6 This practice is technically similar to ISO 4892-4.
4.1.1 Moisture usually is produced by spraying the test
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Discontinued 1998; see 1998 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.04.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G3 on Weathering
and Durability and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G03.03 on Available from Secretary, U.S. National Committee, CIE, National Institute of
Simulated and Controlled Exposure Tests. Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899.
Current edition approved March 10, 2000. Published May 2000. Originally Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., 13th
published as G 152 – 97. Last previous edition G 152 – 98. Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
G 152
specimen with demineralized/deionized water or by condensa- distribution of the open flame carbon arc to make it match
tion of water vapor onto the specimen. daylight in the long wavelength UV or the visible light regions
4.2 The exposure condition may be varied by selection of: of the spectrum.
4.2.1 Light source filter, 6.1.3 The following factors can affect the spectral power
4.2.2 The type of moisture exposure, distribution of open flame carbon arc light sources:
4.2.3 The timing of the light and moisture exposure, 6.1.3.1 Differences in the composition and thickness of
4.2.4 The temperature of light exposure, and filters can have large effects on the amount of short wavelength
4.2.5 The timing of a light/dark cycle. UV radiation transmitted.
4.3 Comparison of results obtained from specimens exposed 6.1.3.2 Aging of filters can result in changes in filter
in same model of apparatus should not be made unless transmission. The aging properties of filters can be influenced
reproducibility has been established among devices for the by the composition. Aging of filters can result in a significant
material to be tested. reduction in the short wavelength UV emission of a burner.
4.4 Comparison of results obtained from specimens exposed 6.1.3.3 Accumulation of dirt or other residue on filters can
in different models of apparatus should not be made unless affect filter transmission.
correlation has been established among devices for the material 6.1.3.4 Differences in the composition of the metallic salts
to be tested. used in he carbon rods can affect the spectral power distribu-
tion.
5. Significance and Use
6.1.4 Spectral Irradiance:
5.1 The use of this apparatus is intended to induce property
6.1.4.1 Spectral Irradiance of Open Flame Carbon Arc with
changes associated with the end use conditions, including the Daylight Filters—Daylight filters are used to reduce the short
effects of sunlight, moisture, and heat. These exposures may
wavelength UV irradiance of the open flame carbon arc in an
include a means to introduce moisture to the test specimen. attempt to provide simulation of the short wavelength UV
Exposures are not intended to simulate the deterioration caused
region of daylight. Although these filters are specified in many
by localized weather phenomena, such as atmospheric pollu- tests because of historical precedent, they transmit significant
tion, biological attack, and saltwater exposure. Alternatively,
radiant energy below 300 nm (the typical cut-on wavelength
the exposure may simulate the effects of sunlight through for terrestrial sunlight) and may result in aging processes not
window glass. Typically, these exposures would include mois-
occurring outdoors. The data in Table 1 is representative of the
ture in the form of humidity.
spectral irradiance received by a test specimen mounted in the
5.2 Cautions—Refer to Practice G 151 for full cautionary
specimen plane of an open flame carbon arc equipped with
guidance applicable to all laboratory weathering devices.
daylight filters.
Variation in results may be expected when operating conditions
6.1.4.2 Spectral Irradiance of Open Flame Carbon Arc With
are varied within the accepted limits of this practice. No
Window Glass Filters—Window glass filters use a heat resis-
reference, therefore, shall be made to results from the use of
tant glass to filter the open flame carbon arc in a simulation of
this practice unless accompanied by a report detailing the
sunlight filtered through single strength window glass. The
specific operating conditions in conformance with Section 10.
data in Table 2 is representative of the spectral irradiance
It is recommended that a similar material of known perfor-
received by a test specimen mounted in the specimen plane of
mance, a control, be exposed simultaneously with the test
an open flame carbon arc equipped with window glass filters.
specimen to provide a standard for comparative purposes. It is
NOTE 2—The most commonly used type of daylight filters are made
recommended that at least three replicates of each material
from Potash-Lithia glass and are commonly known as Corex D filters.
evaluated be exposed in each test to allow for statistical
6.2 Test Chamber—The design of the test chamber may
evaluation of results.
vary, but it should be constructed from corrosion resistant
6. Apparatus material, and in addition to the radiation source, may provide
for means of controlling temperature and relative humidity.
6.1 Laboratory Light Source—Open flame carbon arc light
When required, provision shall be made for the spraying of
sources typically use three or four pairs of carbon rods, which
water on the test specimen or for the formation of condensate
contain a mixture of rare-earth metal salts and have a metal
on the exposed face of the specimen.
coating such as copper on the surface. An electric current is
6.2.1 The radiant source(s) shall be located with respect to
passed between the carbon rods which burn and give off
the specimens such that the irradiance at the specimen face
ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation. The carbon rod pairs
complies with the requirements in Practice G 151.
are burned in sequence, with one pair burning at any one time.
6.3 Instrument Calibration—To ensure standardization and
Use carbon rods recommended by the device manufacturer.
accuracy, the instruments associated with the exposure appa-
6.1.1 Filter Types—Radiation emitted by the open flame
ratus, for example, timers, thermometers, wet bulb sensors, dry
carbon arc contains significant levels of very short wavelength
UV (less than 260 nm) and must be filtered. Two types of glass
filters are commonly used. Other filters may be used by mutual
Fischer, R., Ketola, W., Murray, W., “Inherent Variability in Accelerated
agreement by the interested parties as long as the filter type is
Weathering Devices,” Progress in Organic Coatings, Vol 19 (1991), pp. 165–179.
reported in conformance with the report section in Practice
Ketola, W., Robbins, J. S., “UV Transmission of Single Strength Window
G 151.
Glass,” Symposium on Accelerated and Outdoor Durability Testing of Organic
6.1.2 None of these fibers changes the spectral power Materials, ASTM STP 1202, ASTM, 1993.
G 152
TABLE 1 Relative Spectral Power Distribution Specification for TABLE 2 Typical Relative Spectral Power Distribution for Open
Open Flame Carbon Arc With Daylight Filters Flame Carbon Arc With Window Glass Filters (Representative
Data)
Ultraviolet Wavelength region
Irradiance as a Percentage of Total Irradiance from 300 to 400 nm
Ultraviolet Wavelength Region
Irradiance as a Percentage of Total Irradiance from 300 to 400 nm
Open Flame Carbon Arc
A,B C
Bandpass (nm) with Daylight Filters Sunlight
Open Flame Carbon Arc Estimated Window Glass
A B
250–279 0–4.0 % 0 %
Bandpass (nm) with Window Glass Filters Filtered Sunlight
280–290 0–1.8 % 0 %
250–270 0 % 0 %
291–300 0.1–1.3 % 0 %
271–290 0 % 0 %
301–320 2.4–5.4 % 5.6 %
291–300 0 % 0 %
321–340 6.8–10.4 % 18.5 %
301–320 2.1 % 0.1–1.5 %
341–360 9.4–14.8 % 21.7 %
321–340 8.1 % 9.4–14.8 %
361–380 21.6–27.6 % 26.6 %
341–360 13.2 % 23.2–23.5 %
381–400 44.6–56.6 % 27.6 %
361–380 27.3 % 29.6–32.5 %
381–400 49.3 % 30.9–34.5 %
Ultraviolet and Visible Wavelength region
D
Irradiance as a Percentage of Total Irradiance from 300 to 800 nm
Ultraviolet and Visible Wavelength Region Irradiance as a Percentage of Total
C
Irradiance from 300 to 800 nm
C
Open Flame Carbon Arc
Irradiance as a Percentage of Total Irradiance from 300 to 800 nm
A,B E
Bandpass (nm) with Daylight Filters Sunlight
300–400 22.7–34.1 % 11 %
Open Flame Carbon Arc Estimated Window Glass
E D
401–700 51.1–67.3 % 72 %
Bandpass (nm) with Window Glass Filters Filtered Sunlight
A 300–400 22.7–34.1 % 9.0–11.1 %
Carbon Arc Data—Open flame carbons arcs emit significant short wavelength
401–700 51.1–67.3 % 71.3–73.1 %
UV radiation between 250 and 280 nm. The intensity of this short wavelength UV
7 *Data from 701 to 800 nm is not shown
radiation varies with age and initial transmission of the filters used and the
composition of the carbon rods. Composition of the carbon rods may vary between
A
production lots and between manufacturers.
Carbon Arc Data—This data are for a typical spectral power distribution for an
B
Carbon Arc Data—The ranges given are based on spectral power distribution
open flame carbons arc with window glass filters. Not enough spectral data is
measurements made for open flame carbon arcs devices operating with carbon
available for meaningful analysis to develop a specification. Subcommittee G03.03
rods from different sources and with filters from different lots and varying ages. The
is working to collect sufficient data in order to develop a specification.
B
ranges are based on the three sigma limits from the averages of these SPD
Sunlight Data—The sunlight data is for global irradiance on a horizontal surface
measurements.
with an air mass of 1.2, column ozone 0.294 atm cm, 30 % relative humidity,
C
Sunlight Data—The sunlight data is for global irradiance on a horizontal
altitude 2100 m (atmospheric pressure of 787.8 mb), and an aerosol represented
surface with an air mass of 1.2, column ozone 0.294 atm cm, 30 % relative
by an optical thickness of 0.081 at 300 nm and 0.62 at 400 nm. The range is
humidity, altitude 2100 m (atmospheric pressure of 787.8 mb), and an aerosol
determined by multiplying solar irradiance by the upper and lower limits for
represented by an optical thickness of 0.081 at 300 nm and 0.62 at 400 nm.
transmission of single strength window glass samples used for studies conducted
D
Data from 701 to 800 nm is not shown.
by Subcommittee G03.02.
E
C
Sunlight Data—The sunlight data is from Table 4 of CIE Publication No. 85,
Sunlight Data—The sunlight data is from Table 4 of CIE Publication No. 85,
global solar irradiance on a horizontal surface with an air mass of 1.0, column
...

Questions, Comments and Discussion

Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.

This May Also Interest You

ASTM
ASTM G201-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Conducting Exposures in Outdoor Glass-Covered Exposure Apparatus with Air Circulation

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 As with any accelerated test, the increase in rate of weathering compared to in-service exposure is material dependent. Results from exposures conducted to this practice may provide good rank correlation to results from actual use conditions for one type of material or product. It should not be assumed that this will be true for other materials or products. It is always best to verify the ability of an accelerated exposure test to properly rank the durability of materials with actual use conditions. Guide G141 provides information about using rank correlation.  
5.2 Variation in results may be expected when operating conditions are varied within the accepted limits of this practice. Therefore, no reference shall be made to results from the use of this practice unless accompanied by a report detailing the specific operating conditions in conformance with Report Section 8.  
5.3 The durability of materials in outdoor use can be very different depending on the location of the exposure because of differences in solar radiation, moisture, heat, pollutants, and other factors. Therefore, it cannot be assumed that results from exposure in a single location will be useful for determining durability ranking of materials in a different location.  
5.4 It is recommended that at least one control material be exposed with each test. The control material should be of similar composition and construction and be chosen so that its failure modes are the same as that of the material being tested. It is preferable to use two control materials, one with relatively good durability, and one with relatively poor durability. If control materials are included as part of the test, they shall be used for the purpose of comparing the performance of the test materials relative to the controls.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the basic principles and operating procedures for using outdoor glass-covered exposure apparatus with air circulation. This practice is limited to the procedures for obtaining, measuring and controlling conditions of exposure. A number of exposure procedures are listed in Appendix X1; however, this practice does not specify the exposure conditions best suited for the material to be tested.  
1.2 For direct weathering exposures, refer to Practice G7. For exposures behind glass without air circulation, refer to Practice G24.  
1.3 Test specimens are exposed to solar radiation filtered through glass under partially controlled environmental test conditions. Different glass types and operating parameters are described.  
1.4 Specimen preparation and evaluation of the results are covered in ASTM methods or specifications for specific materials. More specific information for determining the change in properties after exposure and reporting these results is described in Practices D5870, D2244 and Test Method D523.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    6 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    6 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM G90-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Performing Accelerated Outdoor Weathering of Materials Using Concentrated Natural Sunlight

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Results obtained from this practice can be used to compare the relative durability of materials subjected to the specific test cycle used. No accelerated test can be specified as a perfect simulation of natural or field exposures. Results obtained from this practice can be considered as representative of natural weathering only when a sufficient magnitude of mathematical correlation exists between exposures.  
4.2 The acceleration factor relating the rate of degradation in this accelerated exposure to the rate of degradation in a natural weathering exposure varies with the type and formulation of the material. Each material and formulation may respond differently to the increased level of irradiance and differences in temperature and humidity. Thus an acceleration factor determined for one material may not be applicable to other materials. For this reason, the use of a single acceleration factor is not recommended. Also, a different acceleration factor may be obtained by using different mirror types and configurations. Because of variability in test results for both accelerated and natural weathering exposures, results from a sufficient number of tests must be obtained to determine an acceleration factor for a material. Further, the acceleration factor is applicable to only one exposure location because results from natural weathering will vary due to seasonal or annual differences in climatic factors.  
4.3 The relative durability of materials determined by this practice can be used to determine the relative durability of the materials exposed under natural weathering conditions provided the materials have similar acceleration factors. However, even if results from a specific accelerated test condition are found to be useful for comparing the durability of materials exposed in a particular exterior location, it cannot be assumed that they will be useful for determining the relative durability for a different location. The relative durability of materials in n...
SCOPE
1.1 Linear Fresnel reflector concentrators using the sun as source are utilized in the accelerated outdoor exposure testing of materials.  
1.2 This practice covers a procedure for performing accelerated outdoor exposure testing of materials using a linear Fresnel reflector, accelerated outdoor weathering, test machine. The apparatus (see Fig. 1 and Fig. 2) and guidelines are described herein to minimize the variables encountered during outdoor accelerated exposure testing.    
1.3 This practice does not specify the exposure conditions best suited for the materials to be tested but is limited to the method of obtaining, measuring, and controlling the procedures and certain conditions of the exposure. Sample preparation, test conditions, and evaluation of results are covered in existing methods or specifications for specific materials.  
1.4 The linear Fresnel reflector accelerated outdoor exposure test apparatus described may be suitable for the determination of the relative durability of materials when these materials are exposed to concentrated sunlight, heat, and moisture.  
1.5 This practice establishes uniform sample mounting and in-test maintenance procedures. Also included in the practice are standard provisions for maintenance of the machine and linear Fresnel reflector mirrors to ensure cleanliness and durability.  
1.6 This practice shall apply to specimens whose size meets the dimensions of the target board as described in 8.2.  
1.7 For test machines currently in use, this practice is not recommended for specimens exceeding 13 mm (1/2 in.) in thickness because of specimen cooling.  
1.8 Values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units in parentheses are provided for information only.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate...

  • Standard
    14 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    14 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM G154-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Operating Fluorescent Ultraviolet (UV) Lamp Apparatus for Exposure of Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The use of this apparatus is intended to induce property changes consistent with the end use conditions, including the effects of the UV portion of sunlight, moisture, and heat. Typically, these exposures would include moisture in the form of condensing humidity. Exposures are not intended to simulate the deterioration caused by localized weather phenomena, such as atmospheric pollution, biological attack, and saltwater exposure. Alternatively, the exposure may simulate the effects of sunlight through window glass. (Warning—Refer to Practice G151 for full cautionary guidance applicable to all laboratory weathering devices.)  
5.2 This practice provides general procedures for operating fluorescent UV lamp weathering devices that allow for a wide range of exposure conditions. Therefore, no reference shall be made to results from the use of this practice unless accompanied by a report detailing the specific operating conditions in conformance with Section 10.  
5.2.1 It is recommended that a similar material of known performance (a control) be exposed simultaneously with the test specimen to provide a standard for comparative purposes. Generally, two controls are recommended: one known to have poor durability and one known to have good durability. It is recommended that at least three replicates of each material evaluated be exposed in each test to allow for statistical evaluation of results.  
5.2.2 Comparison of results obtained from specimens exposed in the same model of apparatus should not be made unless reproducibility has been established among devices for the material to be tested.  
5.2.3 Comparison of results obtained from specimens exposed in different models of apparatus should not be made unless correlation has been established among devices for the material to be tested (see Guide D6631 for guidance).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is limited to the basic principles for operating a fluorescent UV lamp and water apparatus; on its own, it does not deliver a specific result.  
1.2 It is intended to be used in conjunction with a practice or method that defines specific exposure conditions for an application along with a means to evaluate changes in material properties. This practice is intended to reproduce the weathering effects that occur when materials are exposed to sunlight (either direct or through window glass) and moisture as rain or dew in actual usage. This practice is limited to the procedures for obtaining, measuring, and controlling conditions of exposure.
Note 1: Practice G151 describes general procedures to be used when exposing nonmetallic materials in accelerated test devices that use laboratory light sources.
Note 2: A number of exposure procedures are listed in an appendix; however, this practice does not specify the exposure conditions best suited for the material to be tested.  
1.3 Test specimens are exposed to fluorescent UV light under controlled environmental conditions. Different types of fluorescent UV lamp sources are described.
Note 3: In this standard, the terms UV light and UV radiation are used interchangeably.  
1.4 Specimen preparation and evaluation of the results are covered in ASTM methods or specifications for specific materials. General guidance is given in Practice G151 and ISO 4892-1.
Note 4: General information about methods for determining the change in properties after exposure and reporting these results is described in ISO 4582 and Practice D5870.  
1.5 This practice is not intended for corrosion testing of bare metals.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard is technically similar to ISO 4892-3 and ISO 16474-3.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and...

  • Standard
    12 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    12 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM G155-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Operating Xenon Arc Lamp Apparatus for Exposure of Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The apparatus exposes specimens to light, heat, and optionally moisture, often to attempt to replicate specimen property changes observed in outdoor and indoor end-use environments. Exposures are not intended to simulate the deterioration caused by localized weather phenomena, such as atmospheric pollution, biological attack, and saltwater exposure.  
5.2 This practice allows a wide range of exposure conditions that may produce significantly different results. Therefore, no reference shall be made to results from its use unless accompanied by a report in conformance with Section 10 detailing the specific operating conditions.  
5.2.1 A control (a similar material of known performance) should be exposed simultaneously with the test specimen to provide a reference for comparative purposes. It is best practice to use two different control materials: one known to have relatively poor durability and one known to have relatively good durability. At least three replicates of each test specimen and control material should be exposed concurrently to permit statistical evaluation of results.  
5.3 Comparison of results obtained from specimens exposed in different apparatus (even if the apparatus is the same model) using the identical setpoints and operational controls should not be made unless reproducibility has been established between apparatus for the material to be tested.  
5.4 Refer to Practice G151 for cautionary guidance applicable to all laboratory weathering apparatus.  
5.5 It is recommended that users follow good laboratory practices in order to reduce variability in exposures (1).8
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is limited to the basic principles and procedures for operating a xenon arc lamp and water apparatus; on its own, it does not deliver a specific result.  
1.2 It is intended to be used in conjunction with a practice or method that defines specific exposure conditions for an application along with a means to evaluate changes in material properties. This practice is intended to reproduce the weathering effects that occur when materials are exposed to sunlight (either direct or through window glass) and moisture as humidity, rain, or dew in actual use. This practice is limited to the procedures for obtaining, measuring, and controlling conditions of exposure.
Note 1: A number of exposure procedures are listed in an appendix; however, this practice does not specify the exposure conditions best suited for the material to be tested.
Note 2: Practice G151 describes general procedures and performance requirements to be used when exposing materials in an apparatus that uses laboratory light sources.  
1.3 Test specimens are exposed to light from an optically-filtered xenon arc lamp under controlled environmental conditions. Different types of optical filters in combination with xenon arc light sources are described.  
1.4 Specimen preparation and evaluation of the results are covered in ASTM methods or specifications for specific materials. General guidance is given in Practice G151.
Note 3: General information about methods for determining the change in properties after exposure and reporting these results is described in Practice D5870.  
1.5 This practice is not intended for corrosion testing of bare metals.  
1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This practice is technically similar to the following ISO documents: ISO 4892-2, ISO 16474-2, ISO 105-B02, ISO 105-B04, ISO 105-B05, ISO 105-B06, and ISO 105-B10.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8.1 Should any ozone be generated from the operation of the la...

  • Standard
    12 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    12 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM G7/G7M-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Natural Weathering of Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The relative durability of materials in natural exposures can be very different depending on the location of the exposure because of differences in ultraviolet (UV) radiation, relative humidity, time of wetness, temperature, wet-dry cycling, freeze-thaw cycling, pollutants, and other factors. Therefore, it cannot be assumed that results from one exposure in a single location will be useful for determining relative durability in a different location. Exposures in several locations with different climates which represent a broad range of anticipated service conditions are recommended.  
4.2 Because of year-to-year climatological variations, results from a single exposure test cannot be used to predict the absolute rate at which a material degrades. Several exposures, repeated over several years are needed to get a representative test result for a given location.  
4.3 Solar UV radiation varies considerably as a function of time of year. This can cause large differences in the apparent rate of degradation in many materials. Comparing results for materials exposed for short periods (less than one year) is not recommended unless materials are exposed at the same time in the same location.  
4.4 The duration of natural weathering tests is often based on time (24 months for example). The variability between different exposures can be reduced by using a duration based on total solar or solar UV radiant exposure. Solar UV measurements are typically made using instruments which record broadband UV (for example, 295 to 385 nm), as described in 7.2.4. An inherent limitation in timing a weathering test based solely on solar-radiation measurements is that temperature and moisture may also influence the rate or type of degradation.  
4.5 The design of the exposure rack, the location of the specimen on the exposure rack, and the type, color, and emissivity of adjacent specimens can affect specimen temperature and time of wetness. In order to minimize variability caused by t...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures to be followed for direct exposure of materials to the environment. Typically, this testing is performed on exposure racks tilted at a commonly-used tilt angle from the horizontal (such as 5 or 45 degrees) and facing the equator. Other exposure orientations can be used.  
1.2 This practice is not intended for the corrosion testing of bare metals, or for testing behind glass.  
1.2.1 For corrosion testing, refer to Practice G50  
1.2.2 For exposures behind glass, refer to Practice G24  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 This practice is technically equivalent to the parts of ISO 877-1 and -2 that describe direct exposures of specimens to the environment.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    7 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    7 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM G169-01(2021)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Application of Basic Statistical Methods to Weathering Tests

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The correct use of statistics as part of a weathering program can greatly increase the usefulness of results. A basic understanding of statistics is required for the study of weathering performance data. Proper experimental design and statistical analysis strongly enhances decision-making ability. In weathering, there are many uncertainties brought about by exposure variability, method precision and bias, measurement error, and material variability. Statistical analysis is used to help decide which products are better, which test methods are most appropriate to gauge end use performance, and how reliable the results are.  
4.2 Results from weathering exposures can show differences between products or between repeated testing. These results may show differences which are not statistically significant. The correct use of statistics on weathering data can increase the probability that valid conclusions are derived.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers elementary statistical methods for the analysis of data common to weathering experiments. The methods are for decision making, in which the experiments are designed to test a hypothesis on a single response variable. The methods work for either natural or laboratory weathering.  
1.2 Only basic statistical methods are presented. There are many additional methods which may or may not be applicable to weathering tests that are not covered in this guide.  
1.3 This guide is not intended to be a manual on statistics, and therefore some general knowledge of basic and intermediate statistics is necessary. The text books referenced at the end of this guide are useful for basic training.  
1.4 This guide does not provide a rigorous treatment of the material. It is intended to be a reference tool for the application of practical statistical methods to real-world problems that arise in the field of durability and weathering. The focus is on the interpretation of results. Many books have been written on introductory statistical concepts and statistical formulas and tables. The reader is referred to these for more detailed information. Examples of the various methods are included. The examples show typical weathering data for illustrative purposes, and are not intended to be representative of specific materials or exposures.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Guide
    11 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM G153-13(2021)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Operating Enclosed Carbon Arc Light Apparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The use of this apparatus is intended to induce property changes associated with the end use conditions, including the effects of sunlight, moisture, and heat. These exposures may include a means to introduce moisture to the test specimen. Exposures are not intended to simulate the deterioration caused by localized weather phenomena, such as atmospheric pollution, biological attack, and saltwater exposure. Alternatively, the exposure may simulate the effects of sunlight through window glass. Typically, these exposures would include moisture in the form of humidity.
Note 2: Caution: Refer to Practice G151 for full cautionary guidance applicable to all laboratory weathering devices.  
5.2 Variation in results may be expected when operating conditions are varied within the accepted limits of this practice. Therefore, no reference shall be made to results from the use of this practice unless accompanied by a report detailing the specific operating conditions in conformance with Section 10.  
5.2.1 It is recommended that a similar material of known performance, a control, be exposed simultaneously with the test specimen to provide a standard for comparative purposes. It is best practice to use control materials known to have relatively poor and good durability. It is recommended that at least three replicates of each material evaluated be exposed in each test to allow for statistical evaluation of results.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the basic principles and operating procedures for using enclosed carbon-arc light and water apparatus intended to reproduce the weathering effects that occur when materials are exposed to sunlight (either direct or through window glass) and moisture as rain or dew in actual use. This practice is limited to the procedures for obtaining, measuring, and controlling conditions of exposure. A number of exposure procedures are listed in an appendix; however, this practice does not specify the exposure conditions best suited for the material to be tested.
Note 1: Practice G151 describes performance criteria for all exposure devices that use laboratory light sources. This practice replaces Practice G23, which describes very specific designs for devices used for carbon-arc exposures. The apparatus described in Practice G23 is covered by this practice.  
1.2 Test specimens are exposed to enclosed carbon arc light under controlled environmental conditions.  
1.3 Specimen preparation and evaluation of the results are covered in various methods or specifications for specific materials. General guidance is given in Practice G151 and ISO 4892-1. More specific information about methods for determining the change in properties after exposure and reporting these results is described in ISO 4582.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5.1 Should any ozone be generated from the operation of the light source, it shall be carried away from the test specimens and operating personnel by an exhaust system.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    9 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM G152-13(2021)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Operating Open Flame Carbon Arc Light Apparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The use of this apparatus is intended to induce property changes associated with the end use conditions, including the effects of sunlight, moisture, and heat. These exposures may include a means to introduce moisture to the test specimen. Exposures are not intended to simulate the deterioration caused by localized weather phenomena, such as atmospheric pollution, biological attack, and saltwater exposure. Alternatively, the exposure may simulate the effects of sunlight through window glass. Typically, these exposures would include moisture in the form of humidity.
Note 2: Caution: Refer to Practice G151 for full cautionary guidance applicable to all laboratory weathering devices.  
5.2 Variation in results may be expected when operating conditions are varied within the accepted limits of this practice. No reference, therefore, shall be made to results from the use of this practice unless accompanied by a report detailing the specific operating conditions in conformance with Section 10.  
5.2.1 It is recommended that a similar material of known performance, a control, be exposed simultaneously with the test specimen to provide a standard for comparative purposes. It is best practice to use control materials known to have relatively poor and good durability. It is recommended that at least three replicates of each material evaluated be exposed in each test to allow for statistical evaluation of results.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the basic principles and operating procedures for using open flame carbon-arc light and water apparatus intended to reproduce the weathering effects that occur when materials are exposed to sunlight (either direct or through window glass) and moisture as rain or dew in actual use. This practice is limited to the procedures for obtaining, measuring, and controlling conditions of exposure. A number of exposure procedures are listed in an appendix; however, this practice does not specify the exposure conditions best suited for the material to be tested.
Note 1: Practice G151 describes performance criteria for all exposure devices that use laboratory light sources. This practice replaces Practice G23, which describes very specific designs for devices used for carbon-arc exposures. The apparatus described in Practice G23 is covered by this practice.  
1.2 Test specimens are exposed to filtered open flame carbon arc light under controlled environmental conditions. Different filters are described.  
1.3 Specimen preparation and evaluation of the results are covered in methods or specifications for specific materials. General guidance is given in Practice G151 and ISO 4892-1. More specific information about methods for determining the change in properties after exposure and reporting these results is described in Practice D5870.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5.1 Should any ozone be generated from the operation of the light source, it shall be carried away from the test specimens and operating personnel by an exhaust system.  
1.6 This practice is technically similar to ISO 4892-4.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    10 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM G160-12(2019)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Evaluating Microbial Susceptibility of Nonmetallic Materials By Laboratory Soil Burial

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 These results may be used to compare the susceptibility of materials when exposed to this test procedure.  
3.2 Microbiological susceptibility may be reflected by a number of changes including staining, weight loss, or reduction in tensile or flexural strength.  
3.3 This practice may be considered an inoculation with a mixed culture of fungi and bacteria.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is limited to the method of conducting an evaluation of a nonmetallic material's microbiological susceptibility when in contact with the natural environment of the soil under use conditions. This practice is intended for use on solid material test specimens that are no larger than approximately 2 cm (0.79 in.) thick and 100 cm 2  (15.5 in.2) or on film forming materials such as coatings which may be tested in the form of films at least 50 by 50 mm (2 by 2 in.) in size. This practice may be applied to articles that do not spend the majority of their service life in soil.  
1.2 A wide variety of properties may be affected by microbial attack depending on material or item characteristics. Standard methods (where available) should be used for each different property to be evaluated. This practice does not attempt to enumerate all of the possible properties of interest nor specify the most appropriate test for those properties. Test methods must, however, be appropriate to the material being tested.  
1.3 Materials intended for use in soil burial applications are often subjected to periods of exposure to solar radiation and other elements of weather for some time before they are buried. Because these exposures may alter the ability of a material to resist the effects of soil-borne microorganisms, it is recommended that this practice be combined with appropriate environmental exposures (for example, solar simulating weathering devices, the hydrolytic effects of extended aqueous contact, or extraneous nutrients) or fabrication into articles (for example, adhesive bonding of seams) which may promote microbiological susceptibility during the service life of the material.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    3 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM G151-19(Practice)
Standard Practice for Exposing Nonmetallic Materials in Accelerated Test Devices that Use Laboratory Light Sources

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Significance:  
4.1.1 When conducting exposures in devices that use laboratory light sources, it is important to consider how well the accelerated test conditions will reproduce property changes and failure modes associated with end-use environments for the materials being tested. In addition, it is essential to consider the effects of variability in both the accelerated test and outdoor exposures when setting up exposure experiments and when interpreting the results from accelerated exposure tests.  
4.1.2 No laboratory exposure test can be specified as a total simulation of actual use conditions in outdoor environments. Results obtained from these laboratory accelerated exposures can be considered as representative of actual use exposures only when the degree of rank correlation has been established for the specific materials being tested and when the type of degradation is the same. The relative durability of materials in actual use conditions can be very different in different locations because of differences in UV radiation, time of wetness, relative humidity, temperature, pollutants, and other factors. Therefore, even if results from a specific exposure test conducted according to this practice are found to be useful for comparing the relative durability of materials exposed in a particular exterior environment, it cannot be assumed that they will be useful for determining relative durability of the same materials for a different environment.  
4.1.3 Even though it is very tempting, calculation of an acceleration factor relating  x h or megajoules of radiant exposure in a laboratory accelerated test to y months or years of exterior exposure is not recommended. These acceleration factors are not valid for several reasons.  
4.1.3.1 Acceleration factors are material dependent and can be significantly different for each material and for different formulations of the same material.
4.1.3.2 Variability in the rate of degradation in both actual use and la...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers general procedures to be used when exposing nonmetallic materials in accelerated test devices that use laboratory light sources. Detailed information regarding procedures to be used for specific devices are found in standards describing the particular device being used. For example, detailed information covering exposures in devices that use open flame carbon arc, enclosed carbon arc, xenon arc, and fluorescent UV light source are found in Practices G152, G153, G154, and G155 respectively.
Note 1: Carbon-arc, xenon arc, and fluorescent UV exposures were also described in Practices G23, G26, and G53 which referred to very specific equipment designs. Practices G152, G153, and G154, and G155 are performance based standards that replace Practices G23, G26, and G53.  
1.2 This practice also describes general performance requirements for devices used for exposing nonmetallic materials to laboratory light sources. This information is intended primarily for producers of laboratory accelerated exposure devices.  
1.3 This practice provides information on the use and interpretation of data from accelerated exposure tests. Specific information about methods for determining the property of a nonmetallic material before and after exposure are found in standards describing the method used to measure each property. Information regarding the reporting of results from exposure testing of plastic materials is described in Practice D5870.
Note 2: Guide G141 provides information for addressing variability in exposure testing of nonmetallic materials. Guide G169 provides information for application of statistics to exposure test results.
Note 3: This standard is technically equivalent to ISO 4892, Part 1.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, an...

  • Standard
    15 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    15 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off